English for you

Facial expressions

كلنا نوافق على أن ... All of us agree that …
بدون شك أن ... There is no doubt that …
لا أحد ينكر اهمية .. Nobody can deny the importance …
بدون شك .. Undoubtedly …
في رأيي أعتقد أن ... In my opinion, I think that …
أولاً ، اعتقد انه .. First of all, I believe that …
لا داعي أن نقول أنه .. Needless to say that …
ومن الناحية الأخرى أقترح .. On the other hand, I suggest that …
و بالعكس .. On the contrary …
بالتالي ..أو نتيجة لذلك ... As a result …
علاوة على ذلك ... Moreover …
بالإضافة إلى ذلك ... In addition …
إلى جانب ذلك ... Besides …
وعلاوة على ذلك .. Above all ….. يلعب دوراً هاماً في حياتنا .
… play (s) an important role in our life .
وباختصار .. In summary …
و خلاصة القول .. To summarize …
نتطلع إلى مستقبل افضل .. We look forward to a better future …
يجب أن نبذل كل مانستطيع لنحقق ...
We should do our best to realize …
وفي الختام أحب أن اعترف أن ...
To conclude, I would like to confess that …
وفي النهاية يجب أن نعترف أنه ...
Finally, we have toit that …
يجب أن نعمل بأمانة وجدية ...
We should work honestly and seriously …
كلمات وتعبيرات مهمة تساعدك علي الترجمة
نحارب الاستغلال..................fight exploitation
يرشد الاستهلاك.....rationalize consumption
محو الامية....Stamping out illiteracy
مصادر طبيعية......................natural resources
الاكتفاء الذاتي...................self - sufficiency
في مسيس الحاجة إلي....be in great need of
ظاهرة...................................phenomenon
دول نامية....developing countries
دول متقدمة..developed countries
العمود الفقري............................backbone
تنظيم الآسرة........................family planning
معرض الكتاب.......... fair book يستضيف......................................host
مشاكل ملحة....pressing problems
مهد الحضارة....birth place of civilization
يفكك الوحدة...................................break the unity
الخير والشر.............................good and evil
واسع الأفق........................open minded
السلام الشامل.. comprehensive peace
من عجائب العالم..on of the marvels of the world
نتائج ايجابية و سلبية....positive and negative results
نقد بناء.......constructive criticism
نقد هدام...............destructive criticism
جمل وتعبيرات لغوية تصلح لموضوعات نافعة
ملحوظة:نضع في الفراغ الموجود في هذة التعبيرات كلمة او عبارة تمثل الموضوع:
We all agree that....................... is one of the most important things in our life and has its vital role nowadays
نتفق جميعا ان.........................واحدة من أهم الأشياء في حياتنا و له دور حيويا في هذه الأيام
We all admit the importance and necessity of............... in our life
كلنا نقر بأهمية وضرورة..................في حياتنا
No wonder if we say that..................has (have) its good and positive effects on us
كلنا نقر بأهمية وضرورة............... في حياتنا
We all agree that ...............................is very necessary and plays an important part in our life
كلنا نتفق ان........................ ضروري ويلعب دورا هاما في حياتنا
We should put into consideration that..............has(have) become one of the most important things in every one's life
يجب ان نضع في الاعتبار ان.........................قد أصبح واحدا من أهم الأشياء في حياة كل شخص
With the help of.......... we can lead a comfortable life
إنه بمساعدة..................سنعيش حياة افضل....is the backbone of any nation and no one can deny that..................plays an essential role in our lives.............هي العمود الفقري لأي امة ولا احد يستطيع ان ينكر ان ............ تلعب دورت بارزا و جزء حيويا في حياتنا اليومية
جمل وتعبيرات لغوية تصلح لموضوعات ضارة او مشاكل:
I see that...................................... stands for an obstacle in the way of our progress.Hence,our state spares no effort to put an end to it
انني اري ان ..........يمثل عقبة في طريق تقدمنا و من ثم فدولتنا لا تتدخر جهدا لكي تضع حدا له
First of all,I think we should unite , co-operate and stand shoulder to shoulder for the sake
اولا وقبل كل شيء اعتقد انه من الواجب علينا ان نتحد و نتعاون ونقف جنبا الي جنب من اجل
It is time for us to unite, co-operate and stand as one hand so as to find quick solutions to this thorny problem
لقد حان الوقت لنتحد ونتعاون ونقف يدا واحدة لكي نجد حلولا سريعة لهذة المشكلة الشائك
There is no doubt that....................is one of the most dangerous phenomena in our life and has its bad and negative effects nowadays
مما لا شك فيه ان...................هي واحدة من اخطر الظواهر في حياتنا و كذلك له أثاره السيئة و السلبية في وقتنا هذا

شرح ادوات التعريف والتنكير

يكون الاسم اما نكره او معرفه , والاسم النكره في اللغة العربيه مثل (قط) لاتصحبه اداة واضحه , فاذا اضيفت اليه اداة التعريف ( اﻟ التعريف مثلاً ) اصبح الاسم معرفه ( القط )

, اما في اللغة الانكليزية فهناك اداة لكل من المعرفه والتنكير , واداة التعريف في اللغة الانكليزية هي (The) تسبق الاسم .

وادوات التنكير هما ( an , a) حيث توضع (a) قبل الاسم الذي يبدأ بصوت صحيح وتوضع (an) قبل الاسم الذي يبدأ بحرف متحرك

اداة التعريف (the) The Definite Article ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ تستخدم (the) كأداة تعريف حيث توضع قبل الاسماء المعدوده ( في حالتي المفرد والجمع و سنتحدت عنها قادما ) وقبل الاسماء غير معدوده ( اسماء الكميه ) مثل ...

the boy, the boys, the book, the music, the milk.....etc الولد , الأولاد , الكتاب , الموسيقى , الحليب ,,,الخ

( ملاحظه ) الشيء الوحيد الذي يجدر الاهتمام به هنا هو لفظ اداة التعريف (the) حيث ان اللفظ يتغير وفقاً للاسماء التي تتبع اداة التعريف وكما يلي :

اذا جاءت (the) قبل كلمة تبدأ بصوت صحيح , فأنها تلفظ ( ذَا ) مثل ...
the bus, the car, the man ...........etc الباص , السيارة , الرجل ,,,,الخ

فتنطق ذا باص , ذا كار , ذا مان

اما اذا جاءت (the) قبل كلمة تبدأ بصوت علة , فأنها تلفظ (ذي) كسرة تحت ذ مثل ...
the apple, ..etc التفاحة ,. الخ و تنطق ذي أبل

3 . الكلمات والمختصرات التي تبدأ بحرف صحيح والتي تلفظ كصوت عله , فان (the) تلفظ (ذي) كما في رقم 2 مثل ...

مكتب التحقيقات الفدرالي . The FBI,The Federal Bureau of Investigation و تنطق ذي إف بي أي

استخدامات (the) ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ

تستخدم (the) مع اسماء العلم الاشخاص في حالة الجمع كاسماء العائلات مثل ...
The Johnsons have bought a new car. (عائلة جونسن اشترت سيارة جديده) We often stay at the Johnsons. (غالباً ما نبقى عند عائلة جونسن)

تستخدم (the) مع اسماء الانهر , البحار , والمحيطات مثل ...
The Thames, The Missouri, The Rhine, The Atlantic ocean

تستخدم (the) مع اسماء الفنادق ,المطاعم ,الحانات , المتاحف , المطاعم , السينمات , المسارح , والجرائد وماشابه ذلك مثل ...
The Grand Hotel The Hilton The British Museum The Metropolitan The Met ( Opera in New York ) The Times The Observer

تستخدم (the) مع الاسماء في حالة الجمع مثل ...
هولندا جزر الهند الغربيه جزر الكناري The Netherlands The West Indies The Canaries

لا تستخدم (the) مع اسماء البحيرات مثل ... (Lake Michigan )

لا تستخدم (the)مع اسماء الجبال المنفرده مثل (Mount Everest , Ben Nevis )

لا تستخدم (the) مع اسماء الشوارع , الساحات , الحدائق , والبنايات العامه المعروفه مثل ..

شارع اكسفورد Oxford Street ساحة ليستر Leicester Square هايد بارك Hyde Park قصر بكنغهام Buckingham Palace جسر ويست مينستر Westminster Bridge مطار كندي Kennedy Airport جامعة هارفارد Harvard University كلية راد كليف Radcliffe College

توضع الكلمات ( all , both , double , half ) (كل,كلا,ضعف,نصف ) قبل اداة التعريف (the) مثل ...
All the time. كل الوقت Both the brothers. كلا الأخوين Double the sum. مضاعفة المبلغ My brother could do this in half the time. أخي باستطاعته القيام بهذا في نصف الوقت

ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ادوات التنكير ( a , an) The indefinite Article ــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ • توضع (a) قبل الاسم المفرد المعدود فقط والذي يبدأ بصوت صحيح و الصوت الصحيح هو جميع الحروف الصحيحة ما عدا حروف العلة و حرف h مثل ...

a book, a car, a dog , a dream .......etc كتاب , سيارة , كلب , حلم ,,,الخ

• توضع (an) قبل الاسم المفرد المعدود فقط والذي يبدأ بصوت عله مثل ... an apple, an egg, an insect.....etc تفاحة , بيضة , حشرة ملاحظات هامه حول ادوات التنكير

توضع (an) قبل الكلمات التي تبدأ بحرف (H) صامت , بمعنى ان (H) لا يلفظ مثل ...و لو أنه ليس من حروف العلة لكنه اصبح بمسمى صوت علة
an hour, an honest person ....etc ساعة , شخص صادق ,,,الخ

هنالك مختصرات و كلمات تبدأ بحرف عله ولكن حرف العله هذا يلفظ كصوت صحيح , فنضع (a) قبلها مثل ...
a European , a year , a young man , a university , .etc أروبي , عام , شاب , جامعة

هنالك مختصرات و كلمات تبدأ بحرف صحيح ولكن الحرف الصحيح هذا يلفظ كصوت عله , فنضع (an) قبلها مثل ...
An X-ray اشعه , an MP عضو برلمان

§ توضع هذه الكلمات (half , quite , such , what ) قبل ادوات التنكير مثل ...

يا لها من سيارة كبيرة سأعود بعد نصف ساعة What a big car! I’ll be back in half an hour.

لايمكن استخدام ادوات التنكير مع الاسماء غير معدوده الا انه يمكن استخدام (some) (بعض ) بدلاً عن ادوات التنكير مثل ...
اود بعض الجبن I’d like some cheese

بعض الاسماء ممكن ان تكون اسماء معددوه او غير معدوده في نفس الوقت لكن مع اختلاف المعنى كما في الامثله التاليه ...
توجد شعره على سترتك لديها شعر احمر طويل نحن بحاجه لأشراء مكوى جديد هذه الادوات مصنوعه من الحديد يوجد ازدحام مروري كبير انا احبُ المربى مع التوست There’s a hair on your jacket. She has long red hair. We need to buy a new iron. These tools are made of iron. There was a big traffic jam. I like jam on toast.

تستخدم (an , a) مع تعابير الزمن والتي يذكر الوقت فيها مثل ...
يكسبون 60 دولار في اليوم. نعيش ﺑ 200 جنيه في الاسبوع. اﻟ براون يسافرون للخارج مرتين في السنه كنت اقود بسرعة 55 ميل في الساعه . They make $ 60 a day. We live on £ 200 a week. The Browns go a broad twice a year. I was driving 55 miles an hour

Neither / Either

Mammals

Do & Make

Inversion

أهم الحالات التى يحدث فيها inversion. وهو تقديم الفعل على الفاعل فى الجملة الخبرية
Inversion means putting the verb or the auxuliary verb before the subject.
It is used mainly in formal English for emphasis.
Cases of Inversion:

1- With negative adverbials at the beginning of a sentence such as:
never - rarely - seldom - little
Examples:
1- He rarely visits his uncle.
Rarely does he visit his uncle.
2- Never have I seen such a crowd.
3- Little did they know about me.

2- With sentences beginning with ( Only when - only after - only if - only then - not only:
1- Only then did I understand what l had done.
2- Only when the plane landed safely did she calm down.
3- Only after lunch, can you come.
4- Not only was the car slow, but it was also uncomfortable.
Note:
In these expressions the inversion comes in the sevond part:
Only after, only when, not until.

3- After exclamation with " Here, There"
Here comes the king.
There goes all our money.
4- After some negative expressions:
1- Not until I heard my name did I believe l had won the race.
2- At no time did she say she would come.
3- Under no circumstances are passengers allowed to open the doors.

5- With : Hardly, no sooner, barely, scarcely when one thing happens after another:
1- Hardly had the lesson finished when the bell rang.
2- No sooner had the lesson finished than the bell rang.

6- with so, nor, neither:
1- Aly plays football,and so does his brother.
2- Aly hasn' t teached yet, neither has his brother.

7- with : So .......that\ Such......that
So delicious was the food that we ate all of it.
8- with conditionals: Had, Were, Should:
Had I known it would be difficult, l would never have enrolled.

The Old Man and the Sea
BY Earnest Hemingway

The Old Man and the Sea is a 1952 novella written by the American author Ernest Hemingway. Written between December 1950 and February 1951, it was the last major fictional work Hemingway published during his lifetime. It tells the story of Santiago, an aging fisherman, and his long struggle to catch a giant marlin. The novella was highly anticipated and was released to record sales; the initial critical reception was equally positive, but attitudes have varied significantly since then.

SUMMARY

The Old Man and the Sea is the story of an epic struggle between an old, seasoned fisherman and the greatest catch of his life. For eighty-four days, Santiago, an aged Cuban fisherman, has set out to sea and returned empty-handed. So conspicuously unlucky is he that the parents of his young, devoted apprentice and friend, Manolin, have forced the boy to leave the old man in order to fish in a more prosperous boat. Nevertheless, the boy continues to care for the old man upon his return each night. He helps the old man tote his gear to his ramshackle hut, secures food for him, and discusses the latest developments in American baseball, especially the trials of the old man’s hero, Joe DiMaggio. Santiago is confident that his unproductive streak will soon come to an end, and he resolves to sail out farther than usual the following day.

On the eighty-fifth day of his unlucky streak, Santiago does as promised, sailing his skiff far beyond the island’s shallow coastal waters and venturing into the Gulf Stream. He prepares his lines and drops them. At noon, a big fish, which he knows is a marlin, takes the bait that Santiago has placed one hundred fathoms deep in the waters. The old man expertly hooks the fish, but he cannot pull it in. Instead, the fish begins to pull the boat.

Unable to tie the line fast to the boat for fear the fish would snap a taut line, the old man bears the strain of the line with his shoulders, back, and hands, ready to give slack should the marlin make a run. The fish pulls the boat all through the day, through the night, through another day, and through another night. It swims steadily northwest until at last it tires and swims east with the current. The entire time, Santiago endures constant pain from the fishing line. Whenever the fish lunges, leaps, or makes a dash for freedom, the cord cuts Santiago badly. Although wounded and weary, the old man feels a deep empathy and admiration for the marlin, his brother in suffering, strength, and resolve.

On the third day the fish tires, and Santiago, sleep-deprived, aching, and nearly delirious, manages to pull the marlin in close enough to kill it with a harpoon thrust. Dead beside the skiff, the marlin is the largest Santiago has ever seen. He lashes it to his boat, raises the small mast, and sets sail for home. While Santiago is excited by the price that the marlin will bring at market, he is more concerned that the people who will eat the fish are unworthy of its greatness.

As Santiago sails on with the fish, the marlin’s blood leaves a trail in the water and attracts sharks. The first to attack is a great mako shark, which Santiago manages to slay with the harpoon. In the struggle, the old man loses the harpoon and lengths of valuable rope, which leaves him vulnerable to other shark attacks. The old man fights off the successive vicious predators as best he can, stabbing at them with a crude spear he makes by lashing a knife to an oar, and even clubbing them with the boat’s tiller. Although he kills several sharks, more and more appear, and by the time night falls, Santiago’s continued fight against the scavengers is useless. They devour the marlin’s precious meat, leaving only skeleton, head, and tail. Santiago chastises himself for going “out too far,” and for sacrificing his great and worthy opponent. He arrives home before daybreak, stumbles back to his shack, and sleeps very deeply.

The next morning, a crowd of amazed fishermen gathers around the skeletal carcass of the fish, which is still lashed to the boat. Knowing nothing of the old man’s struggle, tourists at a nearby café observe the remains of the giant marlin and mistake it for a shark. Manolin, who has been worried sick over the old man’s absence, is moved to tears when he finds Santiago safe in his bed. The boy fetches the old man some coffee and the daily papers with the baseball scores, and watches him sleep. When the old man wakes, the two agree to fish as partners once more. The old man returns to sleep and dreams his usual dream of lions at play on the beaches of Africa.

Insects

The Necklace by Guy de Maupassant

It is a short story about a woman named Mathilde Loisel who is obsessed with wealth and social status. She is married to a loving and supportive husband, but she is constantly unhappy because she feels that she deserves a better life.

One day, Mathilde is invited to a grand ball hosted by a former classmate who is now wealthy and successful. Mathilde is determined to make a good impression, but she does not have a dress that is suitable for the occasion. She goes to her friend, Jeanne Forestier, and borrows a diamond necklace.

At the ball, Mathilde is the envy of all the other women. She dances and flirts until the early hours of the morning. When it is time to leave, she realizes that she has lost the necklace. She and her husband search everywhere, but the necklace is nowhere to be found.

Mathilde and her husband are devastated. They cannot afford to replace the necklace, so they borrow money from a loan shark to pay Forestier back. They spend the next ten years working hard to repay the loan, living in poverty and squalor.

One day, Mathilde sees Jeanne Forestier on the street. Forestier is now old and haggard, and she tells Mathilde that the necklace she borrowed was a fake. Mathilde is devastated. She realizes that she has wasted her life chasing after something that was not real.

The Necklace is a cautionary tale about the dangers of materialism and social climbing. It is also a reminder that true wealth is not about what you have, but about who you are.

Court

Spelling

Cooking verbs 🍳 👨‍🍳

Jewellery

The Comedy of Errors

by W. Shakespeare

It is one of William Shakespeare's early plays. It is his shortest and one of his most farcical comedies, with a major part of the humour coming from slapstick and mistaken identity, in addition to puns and word play. It has been adapted for opera, stage, screen and musical theatre numerous times worldwide. In the centuries following its premiere, the play's title has entered the popular English lexicon as an idiom for "an event or series of events made ridiculous by the number of errors that were made throughout".

SUMMARY

Egeon, a merchant of Syracuse, is condemned to death in Ephesus for violating the ban against travel between the two rival cities. As he is led to his ex*****on, he tells the Ephesian Duke, Solinus, that he has come to Syracuse in search of his wife and one of his twin sons, who were separated from him 25 years ago in a shipwreck. The other twin, who grew up with Egeon, is also traveling the world in search of the missing half of their family. (The twins, we learn, are identical, and each has an identical twin slave named Dromio.) The Duke is so moved by this story that he grants Egeon a day to raise the thousand-mark ransom that would be necessary to save his life.

Meanwhile, unknown to Egeon, his son Antipholus of Syracuse (and Antipholus' slave Dromio) is also visiting Ephesus--where Antipholus' missing twin, known as Antipholus of Ephesus, is a prosperous citizen of the city. Adriana, Antipholus of Ephesus' wife, mistakes Antipholus of Syracuse for her husband and drags him home for dinner, leaving Dromio of Syracuse to stand guard at the door and admit no one. Shortly thereafter, Antipholus of Ephesus (with his slave Dromio of Ephesus) returns home and is refused entry to his own house. Meanwhile, Antipholus of Syracuse has fallen in love with Luciana, Adriana's sister, who is appalled at the behavior of the man she thinks is her brother-in-law.

The Comedy of Errors Full Book Summary
The Comedy of Errors Full Book Summary
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Egeon, a merchant of Syracuse, is condemned to death in Ephesus for violating the ban against travel between the two rival cities. As he is led to his ex*****on, he tells the Ephesian Duke, Solinus, that he has come to Syracuse in search of his wife and one of his twin sons, who were separated from him 25 years ago in a shipwreck. The other twin, who grew up with Egeon, is also traveling the world in search of the missing half of their family. (The twins, we learn, are identical, and each has an identical twin slave named Dromio.) The Duke is so moved by this story that he grants Egeon a day to raise the thousand-mark ransom that would be necessary to save his life.

Meanwhile, unknown to Egeon, his son Antipholus of Syracuse (and Antipholus' slave Dromio) is also visiting Ephesus--where Antipholus' missing twin, known as Antipholus of Ephesus, is a prosperous citizen of the city. Adriana, Antipholus of Ephesus' wife, mistakes Antipholus of Syracuse for her husband and drags him home for dinner, leaving Dromio of Syracuse to stand guard at the door and admit no one. Shortly thereafter, Antipholus of Ephesus (with his slave Dromio of Ephesus) returns home and is refused entry to his own house. Meanwhile, Antipholus of Syracuse has fallen in love with Luciana, Adriana's sister, who is appalled at the behavior of the man she thinks is her brother-in-law.

The confusion increases when a gold chain ordered by the Ephesian Antipholus is given to Antipholus of Syracuse. Antipholus of Ephesus refuses to pay for the chain (unsurprisingly, since he never received it) and is arrested for debt. His wife, seeing his strange behavior, decides he has gone mad and orders him bound and held in a cellar room. Meanwhile, Antipholus of Syracuse and his slave decide to flee the city, which they believe to be enchanted, as soon as possible--only to be menaced by Adriana and the debt officer. They seek refuge in a nearby abbey.

Adriana now begs the Duke to intervene and remove her "husband" from the abbey into her custody. Her real husband, meanwhile, has broken loose and now comes to the Duke and levels charges against his wife. The situation is finally resolved by the Abbess, Emilia, who brings out the set of twins and reveals herself to be Egeon's long-lost wife. Antipholus of Ephesus reconciles with Adriana; Egeon is pardoned by the Duke and reunited with his spouse; Antipholus of Syracuse resumes his romantic pursuit of Luciana, and all ends happily with the two Dromios embracing.

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Analysis
The Comedy of Errors is light, frothy entertainment, driven by coincidence and slapstick humor, its events confined within a single day. There are hints of Shakespeare's later forays into deeper character development, especially in the early laments of Antipholus of Syracuse for his missing twin, but the story remains largely on the surface. Characters are mistaken for one another, but they do not pretend to be other than what they are--there are no disguises here, only resemblances. The plot, so concerned with outward appearances, appropriately turns on the exchange of material objects--a Courtesan's ring, a gold chain, and the thousand marks that Egeon needs to save his life. Virtually all interior life is absent, and the action is entirely physical.

There are intimations of disturbing, even tragic issues in the story, of course--the plot depends on an initial threat of ex*****on, and the play is filled with unsettling subjects. There are broken families, a troubled marriage, slavery, grief and anger, frequent violence, and a beheading lying in wait at the end of the day. But the play is not about these issues--it touches them briefly before skating on to happier, funnier subjects. The audience's moments of unease are brief and quickly give way to laughter.
And indeed, because this play is a comedy, everything that threatens the laughter is eliminated at the end. It is not only the characters' confusion that is relieved by the final scene, in which the "errors" are explained and resolved; all the darker, unpleasant issues are resolved, as well. Duke Solinus begins the play as a figure of unbending, almost tyrannical legalism; he ends it as a forgiving father figure. The broken halves of Egeon's family have been separated for more than 20 years; now they are put back together, and wife and husband fall into one another's arms as if time and distance had not intervened between them. The marriage of Antipholus of Ephesus and Adriana is threatened by mutual jealousy; their reconciliation, once their misapprehensions have been cleared away, is the work of a few moments. And even the poor, abused slaves, the Dromios, quickly forget their beatings and bruises and embrace. The ease with which these problems are overcome points to the central theme of the play: Love and felicity will triumph over all.

All's Well That Ends Well by W.Shakespeare

It is a play by William Shakespeare, published in the First Folio in 1623, where it is listed among the comedies. There is a debate regarding the dating of the composition of the play, with possible dates ranging from 1598 to 1608.
The play is considered one of Shakespeare's "problem plays", a play that poses complex ethical dilemmas that require more than typically simple solutions.

Summary
The central action of All's Well That Ends Well concerns Helena, a beautiful woman, and her pursuit of a man of higher social position than herself in the French court of Rousillon. Helena is the daughter of a recently deceased court physician; the man whom she pursues is Bertram, a young man of the nobility, who is in mourning for his late father, the Count.

Helena follows Bertram to Paris where, as a reward for "miraculously" curing the king of an apparently terminal illness, she is granted the husband of her choice. She chooses Bertram. Bertram at first refuses to have her, but then he submits to the angry king's command — but only outwardly. Together with his dubious "follower" Parolles, Bertram flees France to fight in the Italian wars, where he plans to achieve the necessary "honor" suitable to his rank. Furthermore, he vows never to consummate his marriage with Helena unless she can perform two "impossible" tasks: (1) "get the ring upon [which is on] my finger," and (2) "show me a child begotten of thy body that I am father to." Helena does just that, with the help of a widow (whom she pays handsomely) and the widow's virgin daughter, Diana. During the well-known "bed trick," Bertram is fooled into believing that he has made love to Diana, whereas, in reality, Helena has smuggled herself into the bed. An exchange of rings also takes place. Diana and Helena continue the ruse until the last minutes of the play, when they surprise the entire Parisian court (who think that Helena is dead), and they then embarrass Bertram deeply when they reveal what has transpired. But Helena finally has her man, and "all" has apparently ended "well."

In a comical subplot, another "trick" is used, this time to reveal Parolles' dishonesty in the presence of Bertram; Parolles is taken captive, blindfolded, and outrageous denunciations are extracted from him about Bertram and others. But even Parolles is grudgingly accepted back into the company at the end of the play. Again, "all's well that ends well" — apparently.

How to study literature?

There are a few tips that may help you to understand literature very well.
Studying literature can be a rich and fulfilling experience. Here are some steps to help you effectively study literature:

1. Read Actively: When reading a literary work, actively engage with the text by taking notes, highlighting key passages, and jotting down questions or thoughts that come to mind.

2. Understand the Context: Learn about the author's background, the historical and cultural context in which the work was written, and any significant events or movements that influenced the work.

3. Analyze the Plot: Pay attention to the storyline, plot twists, and character development. Consider how the plot unfolds, what conflicts arise, and how they are resolved.

4. Explore Themes: Identify the central themes or messages of the work. Think about what the author is trying to convey about human nature, society, or other significant topics.

5. Study Characters: Analyze the characters' traits, motivations, and relationships. Consider how they contribute to the overall themes and plot of the work.

6. Examine Literary Devices: Look for literary devices such as symbolism, imagery, metaphor, allegory, and irony. Analyze how these devices enhance the meaning of the text.

7. Research Critical Perspectives: Read critical analyses and interpretations of the work from scholars and literary critics. Compare different perspectives and form your own opinions.

8. Discuss and Reflect: Engage in discussions with others, such as classmates, teachers, or online forums, to exchange ideas and gain new insights. Reflect on your own interpretations and reactions to the text.

9. Write Analytical Essays: Practice writing analytical essays that analyze literary elements, themes, characters, and their significance in the work. Support your arguments with evidence from the text.

10. Continued Learning: Keep exploring new literary works.

William Shakespeare's famous lines in his plays.

1. "To be, or not to be: that is the question." - Hamlet

2. "All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players." - As You Like It

3. "To thine own self be true." - Hamlet

4. "What's in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet." - Romeo and Juliet

5. "The course of true love never did run smooth." - A Midsummer Night's Dream

6. "All that glitters is not gold." - The Merchant of Venice

7. "Brevity is the soul of wit." - Hamlet

8. "Cowards die many times before their deaths; The valiant never taste of death but once." - Julius Caesar

9. "Love all, trust a few, Do wrong to none." - All's Well That Ends Well

10. "If music be the food of love, play on." - Twelfth Night

These lines showcase Shakespeare's mastery of language, depth of thought, and exploration of universal themes like love, fate, and human nature.

Nuts

"Crime and Punishment," first published in 1866, is a novel by the Russian writer Fyodor Dostoyevsky that delves into the psychological turmoil of the protagonist, Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov, a former student living in poverty in St. Petersburg .

Raskolnikov is a complex character who harbors a theory that extraordinary people have the right to commit crimes if they believe it will benefit humanity. He plans to murder an elderly pawnbroker, Alyona Ivanovna, to test this theory and to take her money to help his family . The crime is committed with an ax, and in a twist of fate, he also kills the pawnbroker's sister, Lizaveta, who unexpectedly enters the apartment .

Following the murders, Raskolnikov is consumed by paranoia, guilt, and a mental breakdown, which is exacerbated by a summons from the police for an unrelated matter . His interactions with other characters, such as the drunkard Marmeladov and his daughter Sonya, who is forced into prostitution, and the amoral Svidrigailov, are crucial to the narrative and his eventual path to redemption .

Raskolnikov's internal conflict is a central theme of the novel, as he grapples with his conscience and the moral implications of his actions . He eventually confesses to Sonya, a symbol of Christian goodness, and later to the police . His sentence is eight years of hard labor in Siberia, where Sonya follows him and supports him, leading to his personal rebirth and understanding of love .

The novel explores several themes, including the dangers of harmful ideologies, the struggle between natural good and learned evil, alienation, helplessness, and the journey from suffering to redemption . It also reflects Dostoyevsky's response to the spread of nihilism and the importance of maintaining faith and moral values .

Raskolnikov's character is a study in duality, embodying both intellectual, inhumane aspects and warm, compassionate qualities . His interactions with Sonya and Svidrigailov represent the opposing sides of his nature and his struggle for salvation .

"Crime and Punishment" is not only a psychological thriller but also a philosophical and moral inquiry into the nature of crime, punishment, and redemption, offering a profound exploration of the human psyche and the possibility of atonement .