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John Goodenough: Inventor of the lithium-ion battery passes away at 100
He received the Nobel Prize at 97, an age when he was actively involved in academics and working on a superbattery.

Goodenough's work was instrumental in making Li-ion batteries a reality
Goodenough's work was instrumental in making Li-ion batteries a reality

John B. Goodenough, the inventor of the lithium-ion battery, which powers everyday devices ranging from mobile phones to electric cars, passed away at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas. Next month, Goodenough would have celebrated his 101st birthday.

Born in Jena, Germany, on July 25, 1922, Goodenough was the second of four children of Erwin and Helen Goodenough. As an infant, John Goodenough came to the US after his father accepted a faculty position at Yale to teach comparative religion but struggled with undiagnosed dyslexia at local primary schools.

As a teenager, he picked Latin and Greek to cover his weakness in the English language and focused on mathematics at the Groton School in Massachusetts. He then received a scholarship to Yale, where he picked mathematics and worked multiple jobs to pay for this education. In 1943, Goodenough was called for active duty in Army Air Forces. He received a scholarship to study physics at the University of Chicago, where he completed his master's and doctorate degrees.

The lithium-ion battery
Early on in his career, Goodenough worked to lay the groundwork for the use of random access memory (RAM) in computers at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. However, as federal funding dried out for the project, Goodenough moved to Oxford to teach a chemistry lab and began his work on batteries.

Around the same time, Exxonn patented the first rechargeable battery built by British chemist Stanley Whittingham who used lithium for the anode and titanium disulfide as the cathode. The Whittingham battery produced high voltage but caught fire or exploded when overcharged.

John Goodenough: Inventor of the lithium-ion battery passes away at 100Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous these days.
Black_Kira/iStock

Goodenough's genius was using layers of lithium and cobalt oxide for the cathode, which created pockets for lithium ions to flow and made the battery-less volatile. The invention was possible after four years of hard work. Still, Oxford University wasn't interested in patenting it, and the rights were signed over to an atomic energy research organization in Britain.

Nobel at 97
Meanwhile, Akira Yoshino in Japan improved the anode of the battery design using graphitic carbon and eliminating pure lithium. Instead, only lithium ions, which were safer, were used.

In 1991, Sony combined Goodenough's cathode with Yoshino's anode to make the world's first lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, which has been further improved over the years to power portable devices and electric vehicles.

Since his contribution was never patented, Goodenough never received any royalties for his work, even though it is used in practically every household worldwide. In 2019, Goodenough shared the $900,000 award for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Whittingham and Yoshino at the age of 97.

Nevertheless, Goodenough was actively involved in research at the University of Austin, Texas, where he has been since 1986. Interestingly, Goodenough also contributed to the development of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes which are now being preferred over nickel and cobalt cathodes for being more sustainable and low costs, The New York Times reported.

Goodenough's latest project involved using solid-state electrolytes with lithium or sodium electrodes that could store vast amounts of renewable energy and be recharged in minutes.

Passionate about his research and working on ideas well beyond conventional retirement ages, Goodenough lived his life 100 percent the way he wanted.

Rest on legend
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John Goodenough: Inventor of the lithium-ion battery passes away at 100
He received the Nobel Prize at 97, an age when he was actively involved in academics and working on a superbattery.

Goodenough's work was instrumental in making Li-ion batteries a reality
Goodenough's work was instrumental in making Li-ion batteries a reality

Stay ahead of your peers in technology and engineering - The Blueprint.

John B. Goodenough, the inventor of the lithium-ion battery, which powers everyday devices ranging from mobile phones to electric cars, passed away at an assisted living facility in Austin, Texas. Next month, Goodenough would have celebrated his 101st birthday.

Born in Jena, Germany, on July 25, 1922, Goodenough was the second of four children of Erwin and Helen Goodenough. As an infant, John Goodenough came to the US after his father accepted a faculty position at Yale to teach comparative religion but struggled with undiagnosed dyslexia at local primary schools.

As a teenager, he picked Latin and Greek to cover his weakness in the English language and focused on mathematics at the Groton School in Massachusetts. He then received a scholarship to Yale, where he picked mathematics and worked multiple jobs to pay for this education. In 1943, Goodenough was called for active duty in Army Air Forces. He received a scholarship to study physics at the University of Chicago, where he completed his master's and doctorate degrees.

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The lithium-ion battery
Early on in his career, Goodenough worked to lay the groundwork for the use of random access memory (RAM) in computers at MIT's Lincoln Laboratory. However, as federal funding dried out for the project, Goodenough moved to Oxford to teach a chemistry lab and began his work on batteries.

Around the same time, Exxonn patented the first rechargeable battery built by British chemist Stanley Whittingham who used lithium for the anode and titanium disulfide as the cathode. The Whittingham battery produced high voltage but caught fire or exploded when overcharged.

John Goodenough: Inventor of the lithium-ion battery passes away at 100Lithium-ion batteries are ubiquitous these days.

Goodenough's genius was using layers of lithium and cobalt oxide for the cathode, which created pockets for lithium ions to flow and made the battery-less volatile. The invention was possible after four years of hard work. Still, Oxford University wasn't interested in patenting it, and the rights were signed over to an atomic energy research organization in Britain.

Nobel at 97
Meanwhile, Akira Yoshino in Japan improved the anode of the battery design using graphitic carbon and eliminating pure lithium. Instead, only lithium ions, which were safer, were used.

In 1991, Sony combined Goodenough's cathode with Yoshino's anode to make the world's first lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery, which has been further improved over the years to power portable devices and electric vehicles.

Since his contribution was never patented, Goodenough never received any royalties for his work, even though it is used in practically every household worldwide. In 2019, Goodenough shared the $900,000 award for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Whittingham and Yoshino at the age of 97.

Nevertheless, Goodenough was actively involved in research at the University of Austin, Texas, where he has been since 1986. Interestingly, Goodenough also contributed to the development of lithium iron phosphate (LFP) cathodes which are now being preferred over nickel and cobalt cathodes for being more sustainable and low costs, The New York Times reported.

Goodenough's latest project involved using solid-state electrolytes with lithium or sodium electrodes that could store vast amounts of renewable energy and be recharged in minutes.

Passionate about his research and working on ideas well beyond conventional retirement ages, Goodenough lived his life 100 percent the way he wanted.

Rest on the great one
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Before 1867 in France this French gardener Joesph monier wanted a stronger flower vase and through, so he started experimenting with different materials,he embbed a wire mesh in a concrete and thus Reinforced concrete was borne.

This material has revolutionise modem construction with its various applications,
Joseph monier received numerous patent rights to this invention.

What is a Reinforced concrete-it's a structural element that is created when two heterogeneous materials namely,
Steel bars and concrete (A mixture of different sized aggregates -cement,sand, stones and water) are combined in a controlled quantities.
It has many applications in construction of buildings,dams, bridges,ships,nuclear reactors and etc.
It has some many benefits too
1.It can resist both compressive and tensile forces.
2.it is cheap and readily available.
3.it is easy to handle.
4.it can resist some adverse weather conditions.
5.it is durable.

Thank you Mr Joesph monier for your invention.

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In this joyful seasons Feany projects Ltd wishes you all our esteemed clients and viewers a great, wonderful Christmas and a prosperous new good year.

We are saying thank you for it was good doing construction with you.

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Thanks.

Construction is a general term meaning the art and science to form objects, systems, or organizations, and comes from Latin constructio (from com- "together" and struere "to pile up").

Feany Projects Ltd carrys out this act totally with a different idea and methodology.

Experienced in the act of construction and built environment enhancement.

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Nigeria @62
Feany Projects Ltd are wishing Nigerians a happy anniversary.

Our hope and dreams will be achieved with a positive mindset.

Congratulations Nigeria!

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Thank you.

A finished corporate contemporary building for a law firm.

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Construction Stages.
Summarily construction projects are divided into Stages.
1.Conceptualization,Design and Costing-This stage entails to come up with a drawn ideas,sketches and plans.
Architects,Structural/Civil Engineers,Builders and the Quantity Surveyors work as a team to design a cost effective construction project.

2.Permit and Approval-The designs are taken to the construction regulatory agencies for it's permit and approval.

3.Preliminaries-Soil test and analysis Surveying site evacuation, clearing and temporary structures set up.

4.Substructures -This entails construction of the foundations.

5.Superstructures- This is the construction of the structure immediately after the foundations.

6.Finishing -This entails the finishing stages.

On progress still at finishing stage.

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Contemporary buildings..... A more modern building constructed to look entirely different from the traditional or older ones,
It's requires a whole lot of bases, rudiments and meticulousness.
On progress.
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Happy new month of march to you all our esteemed clients and viewers.

February is the second month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars we adopted. The month has 28 days in common years or 29 in leap years, with the 29th day being called the leap day.
Februarius was named after the Latin term februum, which means "purification", via the purification ritual Februa held on February 15 (full moon) in the old lunar Roman calendar. January and February were the last two months to be added to the Roman calendar, since the Romans originally considered winter a monthless period. They were added by Numa Pompilius about 713 BC. February remained the last month of the calendar year until the time of the decemvirs (c. 450 BC), when it became the second month.

Happy new month of February to you all our esteemed clients and viewers.
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Happy new 2022 year to you all our esteemed clients and viewers.
Let's do it again this year.
Thank you.

November is the eleventh and penultimate month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian Calendars, the fourth and last of four months to have a length of 30 days and the fifth and last of five months to have a length of fewer than 31 days. November was the ninth month of the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC. November retained its name (from the Latin novem meaning "nine") when January and February were added to the Roman calendar.

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Happy new month of November.

October

The eighth month in the old calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, October retained its name (from the Latin and Greek ôctō meaning "eight") after January and February were inserted into the calendar that had originally been created by the Romans.

However it became the 10th month of the year in the Gregorian and Julian calendar we have adopted.

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Happy new month to our esteemed clients and viewers.

Construction Materials.

Construction industry and projects have grown into dynamic, multifaceted, large and complex industry therefore, good construction management must vigorously pursue the balanced and efficient utilization of project resources (materials, equipment and labour)
Construction materials are vital, crucial and critical resources needed for the ex*****on of projects and they constitute significant portion of project costs. This necessitated the need for Built professionals to be thoroughly conversant with the different types, their properties and uses.
The choice of construction material greatly affect the success of construction projects and thus the need to analyze properly which material is most suitable for the project.
The term construction material known also as building material is broadly used to represent all substances or/and materials used to assemble a structure or infrastructure excluding equipment and labour but inclusive of construction components and products.
Construction material, therefore, is any tangible article or/and material brought to construction site that becomes or is intended to become an ingredient or component part of a construction project.
Construction material is any material used for construction purposes, processed or/and unprocessed. It also includes items preassembled on or off site from other articles or/and materials for incorporation into the works.
Construction industry has variety of materials used for different aspects of construction and infrastructural developments and they are continuously growing and evolving.
Each material has its own unique properties (quality, durability and stability) and the correct use of the material will result in better structural strength, functional efficiency and aesthetic appearance.
All construction material can be used to create quality structure depending on how they are used but project planners or/and ex*****oners sometimes tend to cut corners and put aside the use of the best suitable materials.
Proper and sound selection of construction material guarantees a cost efficient and durable product (structure or infrastructure).
The selection of the right/best construction material depends but not limited to the following;
> the strength of the material against the performance requirement
> specifications
> local availability of the material
> handling, ease of transportation and storage
> workability, skill required to work it and its availability
> cost effectiveness (initial, placement and maintenance costs)
> type and nature of structure or special needs
> climate
> aesthetics and durability
> environmental reasons or/and sustainability
> warranty or guarantee
> after sales support and services.
Construction materials are broadly classified into:
• Natural; those that were not processed or processed minimally. (wood/timber, bamboo, soil or earth, aggregates, stone, granite, lime, wool, leather, cane, thatch, native metals-iron, gold, silver etc).
• Man made (synthetics); those that were manufactured and went through a lot of human manipulations or/and processing ( concrete, cement, bricks and blocks, paints, paper, plaster boards, plywood, particle boards, aluminum, brass, zinc, stainless steel, steel, bituminous products, asphalt, polymeric materials-rubbers, plastics, resin, PVC, laminate etc).
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September (from Latin septem, "seven") was originally the seventh of ten months in the oldest known Roman calendar, the calendar of Romulus c. 750 BC, with March (Latin Martius) the first month of the year until perhaps as late as 451 BC.[2] After the calendar reform that added January and February to the beginning of the year, September became the ninth month but retained its name. It had 29 days until the Julian reform, which added a day.

In the Julian and Gregorian calendars we have adopted it's the ninth month and the third month of four months to have 30days.
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Happy new month to you all our esteemed clients and viewers.
Thank you

August is the eighth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars we have adopted.
It's the fifth of seven months to have a length of 31 days.
Julius Caesar added two days when he created the Julian calendar in 46 BC (708 AUC), giving it its modern length of 31 days.
In 8 BC, it was renamed in honor of Emperor Augustus.
In this part it's also known as a rainy month.

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Happy new month to you all our esteemed clients and viewers.
Thank you.

𝐖𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐀𝐬𝐩𝐡𝐚𝐥𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐢𝐩𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭?

Asphalt equipment comprises of diverse range of equipment used for construction activities/ operations that involve Asphalt, from the production to the compaction stages.
Asphalt is used here to represent hot mixed asphaltic concrete ( HMA), which is a composite material consisting of continuous graded and filler aggregates bonded together with a bituminous binder to produce a dense and impermeable material.
The bituminous binding or mixing is generally done at a temperature of about 150°C. The heating is to decrease the viscosity of the bituminous binder (60/70) and also remove the moisture present in the aggregates prior to the mixing.
Asphaltic concrete can also be produced from warm and cold mixes using cutback bituminous products.
The warm and cold mixes asphaltic concrete are recommended for lesser trafficked service roads and patching works.
Asphaltic concrete is commonly used in the surfacing of road pavements, parking lots, airports, core of embarkment dams, lining the bottom of retention ponds and landfills.
It is a versatile material that creates a smooth and durable surface making it very important in the built industry.
A typical asphaltic concrete work/activity comprises of the following:
 Cleaning; this is the removal of loose aggregates, dusts, dirts, and other objectionable materials inclusive of vegetable growth, debonded slurry and spalling objects.
It entails the sweeping of the surface until standing water, mud, grit and other extraneous matters have been removed.
Sweeping may entail the application of high pressure water or/and vacuum, mechanical sweepers or/and blowers in removing the debris.
 Prime and Tack Coats; this is the application and uniform distribution of a thin film of low viscosity bituminous product on surfaces.
Cutback bitumen or/and emulsified bitumen are mostly used.
Cutback bitumen is a bituminous product whose viscosity has been reduced by the addition of a suitable dissolvent.
It could be rapid, medium or slow curing depending on the dissolvent used (gasoline, kerosene or light oil respectively).
Bitumen emulsion is a bituminous product produced by the dispersion of bitumen in water or aqueous solution with the aid of suitable emulsifying agents.
It could be slow, medium or rapid setting depending on the emulsifying agent used.
The purpose of prime coat is to hold or bind the loose particles of the base course together as a coherent mass as well as to block the path ways of water that tend to rise up to the asphalt layer due to capillary action. The minimum curing time of the prime coat shall not be less than 24 hours.
Tack coat is the layer between the asphalt base (binder course) and the asphalt wearing course. It is also applied between the concrete deck slab of bridges and asphalt wearing course laid over it or on concrete slab of rigid pavements on which wearing course is laid.
The purpose of tack coat is to enhance bonding and prevent the slip off of asphalt wearing course under traffic.
The base must be dampened with light spray of water before the tack or prime coat is applied in order to break the surface tension of the base material.
 Batching and Mixing; batching is the measurement of asphalt constituents in the correct and specified proportion while mixing is the homogeneous blending or combination of the constituents to produce a fine and uniform paste. The batching and mixing are done mechanically in one unit (Asphalt plant).
In hot mix the bitumen (preferably 60/70) is heated to reduce its viscosity and the mixing temperature is approximately 150°C.
In warm or cold mix, cutback bitumen are used without heating.
 Transportation and Unloading; this is the transferring of the asphaltic concrete paste from the mixing plant to the laying site without delay and segregation. Dumping trucks are mostly used and they shall be doubled sheeted to prevent heat loss, contamination and wetting during transit and while waiting. The dump truck unloads into the hopper of the Asphalt paver. Insulated truck beds and tarps covering are recommended to prevent heat loss.
 Placement and Laying; this is the laying, spreading, leveling and finishing of the asphalt. This must be done when the asphalt is still hot (temperature roughly 90°C).
It is generally recommended that asphalt with temperature less than 50°C should not be laid.
The asphalt must be laid to the required width, thickness, profile, camber or cross fall without causing segregation, dragging, burning or/and other surface defects or irregularities.
Asphalt is laid mechanically with Paver usually having floating and vibratory screeds for leveling and pre compaction.
 Compaction; this is the agitation of the laid asphalt to eliminate air pockets and voids.
Compaction must be performed while the asphalt is sufficiently hot (50-10°C).
The compaction is done with double steel wheeled vibratory drum rollers and later pneumatic rollers (a set of smooth-no treads, tires on each axle). The compaction should be done uniformly with minimal application of water or parting fluids.
The rollers should proceed in the direction of laying and lapped in such a way that on completion the rollers marks are obliterated. The rollers shall be at slow but uniform speed and should not be left standing on a new laying.
 Seal Coating; this is actually a preventive maintenance measure that seal small cracks on existing or laid asphalt pavements with bituminous crack sealer that keeps away water or petroleum products out of the pavements.
It is far less expensive to keep a road in good condition than it is to repair it once it has deteriorated.
 Asphaltic Concrete Recycling; this refers to the removal and reuse of already failed asphaltic pavement. The recycling could be off site or onsite.
Off site recycling entails the milling and transportation of the asphalt layer to the plant for reuse.
Milling refers to the neatly scrapping and removal of only the asphaltic layer without disturbing the base course. Once removed it is taken to asphalt plant where it is screened, sized again and then used to produce new asphaltic concrete.
On site recycling refers to the full depth reclamation or pulverization. This refers to the process that grinds up the existing surface layer at the job site, then blending the asphalt layer with the existing sub layers essentially to create a new sub-base course.
The selection of asphalt equipment depends on the following;
> quality, quantity and use of the asphalt specified
> time available to execute the work/activity
> the location of the asphalt plants and the haulage distance of the trucks
> the site accessibility inclusive of traffic flow and peak hours as well as operational spaces available on the job site.
Asphaltic equipment are broadly sub divided into:
• Cleaning; road sweepers, vacuum cleaners and road blowers (compressors)
• Prime and Tack coats; Bitumen sprayers (truck mounted, self propelled or walk behind)
• Batching and Mixing; Asphalt batching plant (mobile or static), asphalt drum mix plant
• Transportation and Unloading; Dump trucks
• Paving ; Asphalt Paver
• Compaction; Steel drum rollers and Pneumatic rollers
• Seal Coating; Seal coater ( truck mounted, towed or self propelled)
• Off site Asphalt recycling; Milling equipment
• On site Asphalt recycling; Pulverizer.

𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒕. 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒐

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𝐖𝐇𝐀𝐓 𝐈𝐒 𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐔𝐂𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐆𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐆𝐀𝐓𝐄?

Construction aggregates or simply aggregates are broad categories of natural or/and man made granular and inert construction material.
They are the most basic and used construction material as they form major components (80-90%) of composite construction materials such as concrete, asphalt, mortar, sandcrete blocks etc.
The rising need for infrastructural development and the subsequent investment in the construction industry is driving the aggregate market growth. Aggregate though important in construction of infrastructure have relatively low value when compared to its high bulkiness which has limited its global trading.
Natural occurring aggregates are obtained by dug out or extraction from pits, dredging of river beds and beaches and crushing of natural rocks.
The economic viability of the aggregate industry, distance from natural deposits to usage points as well as greater sustainability has necessitated the need for other sources of aggregates (man made);
> recycling of construction and demolition (C&D) wastes
> processed aggregates (light weight); burnt clay, shales etc.
> by product aggregates (light weight); slag (blast furnaces, scum/ashes)
> processed quarry/crushed rock wastes as sub base or engineering fill materials.
Aggregates must have uniform, predictable and consistent physical properties for them to be used as construction material.

Uses of Construction Aggregates
Construction aggregates are used basically in two states/forms (bound and unbound).
 Bound state, the aggregates are combined or bound together with appropriate binder to form mortar, concrete, or asphalt. They act as fillers or volume increasing components responsible for the strength, hardness, durability, thermal and elastic properties as well as the dimensional or volume stability of the formed composite material.
 Unbound state, the aggregates are used without binder as;
i. sub base or/and base materials
ii. railway track ballast to distribute the load and also assist in ground water control
iii. back filling materials as it is easy to compact, not affected by weather as well as not susceptible to shrinkage cracking
iv. water purification and filtration
v. drainage construction (filtration beds) and protection of underground pipes (sewage etc.)
vi. erosion control and embarkment protection (rip trap, stone pitching etc.)
vii. ground stabilization and river/sea banks ( Gabion Stone)
Aggregates are also used in the manufacture of cement (limestone), glass (sand), antacids (limestone-calcium carbonate), and computer parts (quartz-silica).

Classification of Aggregates
1. Particle/grain size; aggregates are granular materials consisting of particle sizes ranging from . Aggregates are broadly classified into coarse and fine aggregates by the particle sizes. Sieve analysis is used for this grading and classification.
i. Coarse aggregates have particle sizes that are retained in 4.75mm sieve (no. 4). The coarser the aggregate the less the surface area than an equivalent volume of small particles and the more economical mix due to reduction in the cement required.
However, using larger sizes or coarser aggregates may result in interlock and obstruction within the concrete forms. This will result in weakened areas or voids below the interlock which may also be filled with finer particles of sand and cement only.
ii. Fine aggregates have particle sizes that pass through sieve 4.75mm but retained in 0.75mm (No. 200).
Fine aggregates are used to fill the voids in between coarse aggregates as well as act as workability agents.

2. Density/ weight; aggregates are classified into;
i. Standard or normal weight; these are aggregates with density ranging from 2300-2500 kg/mᶟ (limestone, granite, basalt and naturally occurring gravels)
ii. Light weight; these are aggregates used to form low density concrete but with adequate strength. They have density ranging from 350-750 kg/mᶟ and are used for sound and fire proofing construction. Light weight aggregates are natural occurring (cinders) as well as processed (man made - pulverized or pelletized clay or Layla, pumice, expanded clay or shale, Lica etc.)
iii. High density aggregates; these are used to form high density concrete with density ranging from 4000kg/mᶟ and above. High density concretes are used for radiation shielding, ballast purposes and nuclear installations. They include naturally occurring dense rocks (barytes, magnetite) and man made steel or iron shot(s).

3. Shape;
i. Rounded; river bed gravels
ii. Regular; small stones, gravels
iii. Angular; crushed rock and stone
iv. Flaky; they are thin in comparison to their length and width
v. Elongated; they are longer than they are thick
vi. Flaky and elongated

4. Geological; the properties of aggregates depends on that of the parent rock, which can be;
i. Igneous rock; they are strong and durable and most suitable for concrete works.
> granite, light grey in color with comprehensive strength 100-250N/mm²
> Trap and Basalt, dark grey to black in clout with comprehensive strength 200-350N/mm². They are good for pavement works too.
ii. Sedimentary rocks with comprehensive strength 20-170N/mm².
Sandstones, limestones, mudstones.
iii. Metamorphic rocks, these are formed from weathered igneous and sedimentary rocks.
> mudstone to slate (100-200N/mm²) used in roof covering
> granite to Gneisses (50-200N/mm²)
> sandstone to Quartzite (50-300N/mm²)
> limestone to Marble (70-75N/mm²)
> trap/Basalt to Schist/ Laterite

5. Mineral content; the selection of the most desirable/quality aggregate is dependent on the following;
i. Grading
ii. Strength (load resistant)
iii. Hardness (resistant to scratching, abrasion, and skid)
iv. Chemical inert so as not to react with cement or/and admixtures or other aggregates
v. Toughness (resistance to vibration and impact loads)
vi. Specific gravity
vii. Porosity, absorption and surface moisture
viii. Shape and texture of particles
ix. Adhesion to binder
x. Appearance and ease of dressing
xi. Free from impurities (inorganic or organic) that will affect the quality adversely
xii. Availability and cost (handling and transportation)

Tests on Aggregates
Aggregates are evaluated through tests to determine its suitability and selection.
The tests are;
• Sieve analysis (grading)
• Crushing test
• Water absorption test
• Abrasion test (Los Angeles abrasion test)
• Impact test
• Acid test

𝑲𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒍𝒚 𝒍𝒊𝒌𝒆 𝒐𝒖𝒓 𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒊𝒕. 𝑰𝒏𝒗𝒊𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝒕𝒐𝒐
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