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Sukail Sulthan Classes | Complete Coaching For IAS UPSC Civil Services Preliminary and Main Examination, online classes for UPSC exam preparation, UPSC exam guidance SUKAIL SULTHAN CLASSES is the top result oriented best IAS coaching institute in India for UPSC Civil Services Prelims, Mains and Interview coaching in Delhi, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram Kerala with highest success rate in UPSC CSE. We provide top result oriented best UPSC Civil Services IAS co...

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Sukail Sulthan Classes | Complete Coaching For IAS UPSC Civil Services Preliminary and Main Examination, online classes for UPSC exam preparation, UPSC exam guidance SUKAIL SULTHAN CLASSES is the top result oriented best IAS coaching institute in India for UPSC Civil Services Prelims, Mains and Interview coaching in Delhi, Bengaluru and Thiruvananthapuram Kerala with highest success rate in UPSC CSE. We provide top result oriented best UPSC Civil Services IAS co...

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www.sukailsulthanclasses.com UPSC Mains GS / Essay.

The world’s food waste problem is bigger than we thought - here’s what we can do about it

Around 931 million tonnes of food goes to waste each year.

The UN Sustainable Development Goals aim to halve food waste by 2030.

Some 931 million tonnes of food goes to waste each year, with between 8-10% of global carbon emissions linked to unconsumed produce, according to a UN report.

About 17% of global food production may go wasted, according to the UN Environment Programme’s (UNEP) Food Waste Index Report 2021, with 61% of this waste coming from households, 26% from food service and 13% from retail.

Food waste burdens waste management systems, increases food insecurity and is a major contributor to the global problems of climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution.

Reducing food waste at all levels – consumer and domestic – could therefore have significant environment, social and economic benefits.

This ambition is enshrined in UN Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) which commits countries to halving per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer level by 2030.

The Food Waste Index is the first of its kind to highlight the scale of the problem. Indeed, it suggests that global food waste could be more than twice the size of earlier estimates.

The UN’s Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that 690 million people went hungry in 2019, with these figures likely to rise post-COVID.

With food insecurity affecting so many people across the world, the World Economic Forum’s Incentivizing Food Systems Transformation report argues that a transformation of the food sector is required to establish sustainable, nutritious and healthy food systems.

It estimates that food loss and waste costs the global economy $936 billion a year.

Overall, food systems cost society $12 trillion dollars in health, economic and environmental costs – which is 20% more than the market value of food systems.

How to tackle the problem of food waste

At government level, the Food Waste Index encourages countries to use its methodology for measuring food waste – at household, food service and retail level – in order to guide national strategies for food waste prevention and track progress towards the 2030 goals.

Food-related businesses such as supermarkets can do their bit towards reducing waste by maintaining the quality and safety of produce, using the least amount of energy possible. Internet of Things technology, for example, can be used to monitor both storage temperatures and stock levels for food retailers.

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Sukail Sulthan Classes | Complete Training For UPSC Civil Service Examination, online classes for UPSC exam preparation, UPSC exam guidance In Civil Services Examination, the UPSC tests the subject knowledge of the aspirants and how she or he applies it to the recent developments. Year after year the UPSC questions have become more general, interesting and something that touches the real life situations. But most students face difficult...

www.sukailsulthanclasses.com India’s foreign-exchange reserves surpassed Russia’s to become the world’s fourth-largest reserve. The foreign currency holdings of India stood at $580.3 billion as of March 5, as per the data by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). The reserve of Russia was $580.1 billion. Overall, China has the largest reserves, followed by Japan and Switzerland. www.sukailsulthanclasses.com

www.sukailsulthanclasses.com What is digital sovereignty?

Digital sovereignty refers to the ability to have control over your own digital destiny – the data, hardware and software that you rely on and create. It has become a concern for many policy-makers who feel there is too much control ceded to too few places, too little choice in the tech market, and too much power in the hands of a small number of large tech companies.

The quartet of heads of state have weighed in alongside a growing number of calls for a rules-based system that allows for greater ownership of vital technology assets at a local, national, and regional level.

One of the central concerns around digital sovereignty is a small number of large technology companies control massive amounts of data about their users. And with so many users and so much information, their policies and actions can have significant influence. An example of this is seen with Twitter, which has banned several high-profile users from its platform. This has led some people to criticize the company for curtailing free speech.

There are also calls for digital sovereignty policies to help answer questions like, when a technology company does business globally, where should it be taxed? And, at what point does a cross-border financial transaction fall under the jurisdiction of a particular tax authority?www.sukailsulthanclasses.com

www.sukailsulthanclasses.com How AI and apps are protecting the livelihoods of small-scale fishermen ?.

Small-scale fishermen account for about 90% of the world's capture fishermen and fish workers.

But climate change, depleting fish stocks and overfishing are threatening the livelihoods of coastal communities.

AI and mobile apps that can track catches are helping the world's small-scale fishermen be more sustainable and tackle climate changes. www.sukailsulthanclasses.com

www.sukailsulthanclasses.com Coronavirus causes ‘record fall’ in fossil-fuel emissions in 2020

Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel and industry are expected to drop by 7% in 2020, due to COVID-19 lockdowns.

It's the biggest relative drop in emissions since the Second World War.

However, a drop in emissions in a single year will not slow the pace of global warming, researchers say.

Global carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from fossil fuel and industry are expected to drop by 7% in 2020, new analysis shows, as economies around the world feel the effects of Covid-19 lockdowns.

The latest estimates from the Global Carbon Project (GCP) suggest that these emissions will clock in at 34bn tonnes of CO2 (GtCO2) this year – a fall of 2.4GtCO2 compared to 2019.

This annual decline is the largest absolute drop in emissions ever recorded, the researchers say, and the largest relative fall since the second world war.

Fossil CO2 emissions have fallen in all the world’s biggest emitters, the study estimates – including by 12% in the US, 11% in the EU, 9% in India and 1.7% in China.
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https://youtu.be/aK5LDlnHoA4 Indian economy’s long journey since Independence:

Some interesting points

In 1944, three years before Independence, a group of eminent industrialists that included JRD Tata, GD Birla, Lala Shri Ram and economists such as John Mathai and Ardeshir Dalal came out with a unique document called the Bombay Plan. This document chalked out a plan for India’s rapid economic development and even formed the basis of the first two Five-Year Plan models.

Interestingly, this bunch of industrialists envisaged a much greater role for the state in the economic development of the country

Also, crucially, the Bombay Plan called for active state involvement in social sectors such as education and health.

Indian National Congress Party had set up a National Planning Committee in 1938 to chart out an economic plan for rapid industrial and social development of the country. Economists such as KT Shah and eminent physicist Meghnad Saha were members

The Indian economy’s journey embarked on this policy backdrop in 1947. That the state or government would play a major role in India’s economic development was a foregone conclusion.

Nehru was deeply influenced by the Soviet Union’s experience in rapid industrial development as were many other influential world leaders at that time.

The State-led heavy industry formed the basis of the second Five-Year Plan, with the public sector reaching the ‘commanding heights’ of the economy.

The most well-known was a plan formulated by economists CN Vakil and PR Brahmananda, who proposed a ‘wage goods model’ with focus on more labour-intensive industrialisation.

But the die was cast and the much-maligned Licence-Permit Raj was ushered in and the private sector was put under a regime of onerous controls and regulation by the government.

After its initial success the economy ran out of steam by the mid-1960s. This was a decade of serious food shortages and epitomised by the ‘ship-to-mouth’ era.

India had to rely on food imports especially from the US.

The US on its part, led by the World Bank, began leaning on India to loosen government controls on the economy especially after the balance of payments crisis of 1966, which led to the rupee’s first devaluation.

Nationalising 14 private banks, by then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi

In the early 1970s the income tax for the top income bracket was a whopping 97 per cent!

But by the 1960s and ’70s the international opinion had started swinging towards an export-led growth bolstered by the success of the East Asian economies. This model called for a very different kind of state intervention.

The Seventies is often seen as a ‘lost decade’ for the economy as it was buffeted by high inflation, and low growth. The serious ‘side-effects’ of excessive state regulation of the economy were beginning to manifest themselves in that decade.

Oil shocks

It was again the oil shock in 1979 and a serious recession that made India approach the IMF.

Again some half-hearted attempts were made to liberalise the economy.

By the 1980s the policy elite in India had come to the consensus that the Nehruvian ‘mixed’ economy model had run its course and the economy was ripe for market-led reforms.

But the country had to wait for another full-blown balance of payments crisis in 1991, before a reforms and liberalisation took root in the country.

Economic reform started in 1991, by Narasimha Rao government in the form of liberalisation, privatisation and globalization

There is no doubt that between 1991 and 2011 many millions of Indians were lifted out of poverty thanks to the rapid growth that the reforms era ushered.

The Indian corporate sector came of age during this period with the IT sector scaling new peaks.

However, things have not looked that rosy since 2011. The fallout of the 2008 global financial crisis is also blamed for that. But the home-grown reasons trotted out are policy paralysis, corruption and crony capitalism.

To be continued...

Economics for UPSC CSE IAS Prelims & G.S. Mains By Sukail Sulthan Economics coaching for UPSC CSE IAS Preliminary and GS Main Exams S. Sulthan's Economics Classes Delhi, Hyderabad & Trivandrum Course details: G.S ECONOMY Pr...

The Government of India has notified new rules for e-commerce companies, including mandatory display of 'country of origin' on their products, and said any non-compliance will attract penal action.

The 'Consumer Protection (E-Commerce) Rules, 2020' will be applicable to all electronic retailers (e-tailers) registered in India or abroad but offering goods and services to Indian consumers.

The violation of the rules will attract penal action under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019.

According to the new rules, the e-commerce players will have to display the total price of goods and services offered for sale along with a break-up of other charges.

They are also required to mention the 'expiry date' of goods offered for sale and the 'country of origin' of goods and services that are necessary for enabling the consumer to make an informed decision at the pre-purchase stage.

Under the rules, e-commerce players have to display details about return, refund, exchange, warranty and guarantee, delivery and shipment, and any other information that may be required by consumers to make informed decisions.

Sellers offering goods and services through a marketplace e-commerce entity will have to provide the above details to the e-commerce entity to be displayed on its platform or website.

Under the new rules, e-commerce entities should not impose "cancellation charges" on consumers cancelling orders after confirmation unless sellers are ready to pay similar charges in case cancellation of orders are from their side. They are also not allowed to "manipulate the price" of the goods and services offered on their platforms to gain unreasonable profit and discriminate between consumers of the same class or make any arbitrary classification of consumers affecting their rights under the Act.

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MoU signed for India to develop strategic petroleum reserve in USA:

India and the US have signed an MoU to develop a strategic petroleum reserve and the two countries are in advanced stage of discussion to store crude oil in America to increase India’s stockpile

The memorandum on cooperation in the field of strategic petroleum reserve was based on a proposal from the US after the recent historic drop in oil prices during coronavirus pandemic.

Co-operation in Strategic Petroleum Reserves Programme will further strengthen India’s energy security and pave the way for greater US investments and collaborations in India’s future SPR programmes.

“The US-India Strategic Energy Partnership works to support sustainable energy development, in the 21st century and beyond.

Collaboration on renewable energy, smart grids, and unconventional & clean energy sources research for the benefit of our people, now and in the future.

India and the United States bilateral hydrocarbons trade has touched USD 9.2 billion during 2019-20, a 93 per cent increase when compared to 2017-18 figures.

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Govt of India aims to boost manufacturing share in GDP to 20% by 2025:

The DPIIT has mooted a slew of proposals to make Indian manufacturing globally competitive.

The key areas chosen for giving thrust include defence, pharma, leather, automobiles and food-processing

India aims at achieving $1 trillion GVA from manufacturing in the next 5 years. It seeks to improve the share of the sector to over 20 per cent in GVA.

To facilitate investors for investing in India and to boost growth in key sectors of the economy, an Empowered Group of Secretaries (EGoS) has been approved.

Among the key areas which require significant reforms are land, logistics and power.

The key focus area of the strategy paper is to scale up manufacturing in the country to achieve the goal of $5 trillion economy. It has noted that manufacturing goods enable a country to export to 'unlimited' international demand.

"One of the most critical (steps) is to increase the share of manufacturing, which for India, has been steady at around 16 percent," the strategy paper said.

The DPIIT has proposed to revise the National Building Code of India to raise Floor Space Index (FSI) in a rule-based manner. FSI in the Indian cities ranges between 2-5 with low variation across the city, while FSI in cities like New York varies from 15 in the commercial business district to 0.5 in the suburban residential areas.

The industrial promotion department has also suggested to utilise the unused government land especially in the large urban centres. As per the official data, Indian Railways owns about 40,000 hectares of unused land while Defence holds 33,000 hectares of unused land.

The 13 Major Ports have about 15,000 hectares of land that could be used for industrial manufacturing or housing.

The DPIIT suggested leasing of land at a concessional rate with payment holiday for 2-3 years after allotment.

In order to promote Special Economic Zones, it has been suggested to allow companies located in SEZs to sell a specified portion of their output to the domestic market as well. Developers could be permitted to enter into a long term lease agreement with stakeholders in Zones in line with the state policies.

With a growing chorus for Vocal for Local, the DPIIT has also proposed to help industry in brand promotion.

"Incentives must be provided to develop capabilities and resources to help firms enhance their brands, nationally and internationally to boost awareness of Indian brands abroad and access global market intelligence"

Policy steps would be taken to boost Electric Vehicle (EV) pe*******on in the country.

In order to make India a global manufacturing hub for EVs, the government may consider entering into Free Trade Agreements and mining agreements with resource rich countries in Latin America (Bolivia, Argentina, Chile) and Africa (Congo, South Africa) and others to secure essential minerals like lithium and cobalt.

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INDIAN ECONOMY By Sukail Sulthan, The Best Book for UPSC CSE IAS Prelims & Mains Dear UPSC aspirants, I am Sukail Sulthan, Faculty of Economics & CSE Trainer. In Civil Services Examination, the UPSC tests the subject knowledge of the aspi...

Economics optional for UPSC Civil Services Main Exam: Sukail Sulthan

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A rural resurgence will fuel India's economic recovery, Corona effect:

As the Covid-19 pandemic brutalises the country’s economy and paralyses its urban growth centres, a faint glimmer of light arises from rural India.

Rural India worked better way during the Corona period

Indian farmers working productively to achieve self sufficiency and self sustainability in food grains

Tractor sales in the domestic market registered a decent 4% growth year-on-year — indicates the rural economy may be in better health than the urban one.

But a good monsoon is not the only reason why policymakers and India Inc alike are anticipating a rural resurgence. They point out to three things:

First, farming continued even during the lockdown that started March 25, while manufacturing languished.

Second, more land has been under cultivation this year, according to preliminary assessments by government agencies.

Third, many factory workers who returned to their rural hometowns as jobs evaporated in the cities are now involved in farming activity.

A robust demand coming from the interiors. “The land under cultivation has set a new record this year. If monsoons are adequate, we should have yet another bumper kharif crop. That will give a fillip to rural demand.

Companies sell tractor and trailer tyres — considered a barometer of the rural economy.

Health and wellness, hygiene and immunity-boosting products are now at the forefront of consumer demand even in rural markets.

Awareness among consumers on health and hygiene has got heightened across both urban and especially in rural India.****

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Government of India launches Drug Discovery Hackathon 2020 (DDH2020):

The Union Government launched Drug Discovery Hackathon, a first of its kind National Initiative for supporting drug discovery process.

This Drug Discovery Hackathon is a joint initiative of MHRD’s Innovation Cell (MIC), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) and Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and supported by Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC), MyGov as well as private players.

This Hackathon is first of its kind National initiative for supporting drug discovery process and will see participation from professionals, faculty, researchers, and students from varied fields like Computer Science, Chemistry, Pharmacy, Medical Sciences, Basic Sciences and Biotechnology.

In this initiative, MHRD’s Innovation cell and AICTE will focus on identifying potential drug molecules through the Hackathon while CSIR will take these identified molecules forward for synthesis and laboratory testing for efficacy, toxicity, sensitivity and specificity.

India’s external debt stood at $558.5 billion in March 2020, an increase of $15.4 billion compared with the year-ago period, according to RBI data.

U.S. dollar-denominated debt remains largest component of the external debt

Commercial borrowings remained the largest component of the external debt, with a share of 39.4%, followed by non-resident deposits at 23.4% and short-term trade credit at 18.2%.

The data showed valuation gains due to the appreciation of the U.S. dollar against the Indian rupee and other major currencies were at $16.6 billion.

“U.S. dollar-denominated debt continued to be the largest component of India’s external debt, with a share of 53.7% at end-March 2020, followed by the Indian rupee (31.9%), yen (5.6%), SDR (4.5%) and the euro (3.5%),” the RBI said.

Interest payments remain the single largest components in revenue expenditure. India’s debt service rose marginally to 6.5% of current receipts, according to RBI.

Govt of India approves PMKVY-III with focus on industry:

The government has approved the third phase of skill development scheme, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY), with an increased focus on digital technology and industry.

The government launched the PMKVY scheme in 2015 and revamped it in 2016 to impart skills to one crore persons by 2020.

The revamped scheme, called PMKVY 2, moved to a grant-based model where the training and assessment cost would be directly reimbursed to training providers and assessment bodies in accordance with common norms.

India is also working on Skill Management Information System, which will bring the entire skill ecosystem on a common web portal and work as an aggregator for demand and supply of skilled workforce.

:

Who runs the world?

Crises can bring clarity.

In the financial crisis of 2008-09, the G20 club of big economies came into its own, reflecting how economic power had spread beyond the rich world’s G7.

One thing the covid-19 pandemic has laid bare is an absence of global leadership. This time the G20 has done little beyond a rhetorical pledge to “do whatever it takes” and supporting debt-repayment suspension for poor countries.

America, which led global campaigns to defeat HIV / AIDS and Ebola, has been absorbed in its internal arguments. And the UN Security Council has confirmed its dysfunctionality.

The council’s five permanent members (p5) are split between the Western three and Russia and China; some suspect the authoritarian duo of having a formal pact.

Russia wields its veto often, sometimes alongside China. Instead of leaping into action over covid-19, the council mustered its first discussion of the crisis only in April. France and Russia have both been keen for the leaders of the G5 to get together in the un’s anniversary year, but have found this hard to arrange.

, &

Three main reasons for India’s low agri exports despite high farm production:

Finance commission of India lists out three main reasons for India’s low agri exports despite high farm production.

Despite India’s global advantage in terms of hectares of arable land, it significantly lags smaller countries in exports ($) per hectare, mostly due to low yields and farm productivity; low focus on value addition; and large domestic market.

Even as India produces the second-highest amount of agricultural produce in the world, the country does not appear in the list of top 10 agri exporters.

India is a world leader in many significant agriculture categories and has a competitive advantage over other countries due to diverse agro-climatic conditions and relatively low cost of labour and manufacturing.
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Views on Topics like Industry, infrastructure & Transportation for UPSC CSE IAS Mains GS & Essay papers😄

Integrated approach to transportation, agri-diversification needed to boost economy:

Industry should look at public-private partnerships and adopt an integrated approach for developing new models of transportation.

Integrated approach to transportation system, diversification of agriculture into energy and power, and development of industrial clusters outside metro cities are the need of the hour to boost the Indian economy

The road transport, highways and MSME minister also urged industry to look at public-private partnership (PPP) for various projects, be it transport-related or agriculture, for sustainable development of far-flung rural and tribal areas.

We need to think about an integrated approach towards transportation system.

We need to support all kinds of transportation whether road, water, rail or air for developing an indigenous, sustainable and economically viable transportation system."

During the current coronavirus-induced economic crisis, there is a need for projects on PPP to boost the economy and urged industry players to come forward in this direction, be it a bus port or godowns or industrial facilities.

It is time to focus on development of rural and tribal areas and shifting or setting up industrial clusters there to generate employment and decongest cities like Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru and Pune.

"COVID-19 has posed economic crisis and challenges... We need to convert this into opportunity... We need to think about an integrated approach for upliftment of urban and rural population.

The priority of the government should be to develop indigenous, low-carbon, sustainable, economically viable, pollution-free and cost-effective transportation system, which also provides comfort to the poor people of the country.

Government should play the role of a facilitator and support the private sector in its initiatives for developing sustainable transportation system.

Industry should consider various aspects of sustainable transportation system which comprises low-carbon fuels, electric vehicles, water transportation, conversion of diesel vehicles to LNG and CNG, use of ethanol, methanol and hydrogen fuels for vehicles. Industry should then reach out to concerned state governments and ministries and suggest changes in the policies for developing implementable and economically viable projects.

The industry should look at public-private partnerships and adopt an integrated approach for developing new models of transportation.

"There is a need to decongest metro cities and...to create industrial clusters and smart cities".

It is need to diversify agriculture into power and energy and added that the ethanol economy has potential to reach Rs 1 lakh crore.

Ethanol can easily be made from rice, wheat, sugar and other foodgrains and it is right time for diversification given the surplus production.

Automobile manufacturers to come out with flex-engine vehicles on the pattern of developed nations and also focus on CNG and LNG vehicles.

Telecommunication infrastructure like towers should be shifted to CNG and LNG from diesel to check pollution.

There is a need to promote electric vehicles also.