Medical Quizzes

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What are the characteristics of stable angina?
A. Chest pain that occurs with exertion and/or emotional stress
B. Severe and crushing chest pain (>20 mins)
C. Chest pain that occurs at rest
D. Bradycardia

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What is the normal duration of a QRS complex?
A. 0.08 seconds (2 small squares)
B. 0.12 seconds (3 small squares)
C. 0.16 seconds (4 small squares)
D. 0.04 seconds (1 small square)

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What would it suggest if lead I became more positive than lead II and lead III became negative?
A. Right axis deviation
B. Left axis deviation

What view of the heart do leads I, aVL, V5 and V6 represent?
A. Inferior
B. Septal
C. Anterior
D. Lateral

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What is the most common cause of left axis deviation?
A. Atrial septal defects
B. Right ventricular hypertrophy
C. Defects of the conduction system
D. Left ventricular hypertrophy

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Q. Perferred cycloplegic drug in a 1 year old child is:
a)atropine oral
b)atropine eye ointment
c)tropicamide eye drops
d)phenylephrine eye drops

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Q. drug causing ocular hypotension with apnea in an infant is
a) latanoprost b) brimonidine
c) timolol c)acetazolamide

Q. Drug of choice for prophylaxis of motion sickness is.
a)ondansetron b)scopolamine c)metoclopramide d)domperidone

Q. The lymphatic drainage of te**es is:
a) obturator lymph nodes b) mesenteric lymph nodes
c) para-aortic lymph nodes d) inguinal lymph nodes

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Q. variant of primary immunodeficiency syndrome occurs:

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Granuloma of syphilis is characterised by all the following
except.
A) platelet infiltrate
b) plasma cell infiltrate
c) area of central necrosis
d) lymphocyte infiltrate

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A patient was treated with haloperidol, later he develops symptoms of parkinsonisms. What is the best treatment:
A) Cholinesterase inhibitors
B) Beta receptor antagonist
C) M1 muscarinic antagonist
D) Alpha 1 adrenergic antagonist

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Atropine is indicated in all the following poisonings except:
A) Baygon
B) Tiki 20
C) Parathion
D) Endrin

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Type 2 diabetes

Type 2 diabetes used to be known as adult-onset diabetes, but today more children are being diagnosed with the disorder, probably due to the rise in childhood obesity. There's no cure for type 2 diabetes, but losing weight, eating well and exercising can help manage the disease. If diet and exercise aren't enough to manage your blood sugar well, you may also need diabetes medications or insulin therapy.

Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of type 2 diabetes often develop slowly. In fact, you can have type 2 diabetes for years and not know it. Look for:

Increased thirst
Frequent urination
Increased hunger
Unintended weight loss
Fatigue
Blurred vision
Slow-healing sores
Frequent infections
Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck

How insulin works
Insulin is a hormone that comes from the gland situated behind and below the stomach (pancreas).

The pancreas secretes insulin into the bloodstream.
The insulin circulates, enabling sugar to enter your cells.
Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in your bloodstream.
As your blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from your pancreas.

The role of glucose
Glucose — a sugar — is a main source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues.

Glucose comes from two major sources: food and your liver.
Sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of insulin.
Your liver stores and makes glucose.
When your glucose levels are low, such as when you haven't eaten in a while, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose to keep your glucose level within a normal range.
In type 2 diabetes, this process doesn't work well. Instead of moving into your cells, sugar builds up in your bloodstream. As blood sugar levels increase, the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas release more insulin, but eventually these cells become impaired and can't make enough insulin to meet the body's demands.

In the much less common type 1 diabetes, the immune system mistakenly destroys the beta cells, leaving the body with little to no insulin.

Risk factors
Factors that may increase your risk of type 2 diabetes include:

Weight. Being overweight is a main risk factor for type 2 diabetes. However, you don't have to be overweight to develop type 2 diabetes.
Fat distribution. If you store fat mainly in the abdomen, you have a greater risk of type 2 diabetes than if you store fat elsewhere, such as in your hips and thighs. Your risk of type 2 diabetes rises if you're a man with a waist circumference above 40 inches (101.6 centimeters) or a woman with a waist that's greater than 35 inches (88.9 centimeters).
Inactivity. The less active you are, the greater your risk of type 2 diabetes. Physical activity helps you control your weight, uses up glucose as energy and makes your cells more sensitive to insulin.
Family history. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases if your parent or sibling has type 2 diabetes.
Race or ethnicity. Although it's unclear why, certain people — including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people — are at higher risk.
Age. The risk of type 2 diabetes increases as you get older, especially after age 45. That's probably because people tend to exercise less, lose muscle mass and gain weight as they age. But type 2 diabetes is also increasing dramatically among children, adolescents and younger adults.
Prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which your blood sugar level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Left untreated, prediabetes often progresses to type 2 diabetes.
Gestational diabetes. If you developed gestational diabetes when you were pregnant, your risk of developing type 2 diabetes increases. If you gave birth to a baby weighing more than 9 pounds (4 kilograms), you're also at risk of type 2 diabetes.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome. For women, having polycystic ovarian syndrome — a common condition characterized by irregular menstrual periods, excess hair growth and obesity — increases the risk of diabetes.
Areas of darkened skin, usually in the armpits and neck. This condition often indicates insulin resistance.

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