Makibro Farms

17 LAWS OF FARMING YOU SHOULD KNOW

1. Never target peak seasons, peak seasons come with their own challenges. Be a farmer not a gambler.

2. Choose at least two main crops and a rotational crop plan. Jumping from one crop to another is not right to your pocket.

3. Plan your farm and always have the crops at different age stages, to ensure constant supply.

4. No crop that is not profitable, just master the pro and cons of a particular crop.

5. Having a lot of many is not a licence to successful farming.

6. Have a spray and fertilizer plan and stick to it.

7. Never take advise from agrovets and agrochemical sales agent. Most of them are sales persons and not agronomists.

8.Try as much as possible to cut down on farm expenditure without compromising on produce quality.

9. Never hold back on a produce, if its a quick perishable product. Sell it at the prevailing prices.

10. Never plant a new seed on large scale before doing trials unless you have seen it somewhere.

11. Never entrust your million dollar idea against a farmhand, ensure you are present during critical stages of crop development untill marketing.

12. Never employ a close family member to manage your farm, most of them will fail you.

13. If you are neighbouring farmers plant same crop.

14. Never apply any farming information you get online, without consulting your agronomist.

15. Always have a farm plan.

16. Old is always good.
Most of the old seed varieties and chemicals will never disappoint you.

17. Passion in farming is key and will take you far.

Author unknown.
it's our 2023 BI-ENNIAL CONFERENCE.

You are a rural dweller and you don't have local chicken , what are waiting for?

Did you know that ugwu farm it's very lucrative and has a high demand? Just a plot of land will give you hundreds of thousands just this season.why don't give it a trial?

You have a spacious backyard and you are still complaining about salary. Buy three local chicken and a cock,In a year time you won't believe the the numbers you will have.

It's another farming season, what are you waiting for? Cultivate no matter how little the land is. You won't regret you did.

WHY I CHOSE VILLAGE CHICKEN OVER BROILERS!

if you are looking for short time investment go for broilers, if you are looking for long time investment go for Village Chicken, in the long run Village Chicken is more profitable, it takes 5-6 months for village chicken to start laying eggs in the next six months you will have more than 100 chickens if each give you 10 chicks on average my first batch gave me 16, 15 and 11 chicks, if a chicken lay 15-20 eggs it’s possible to hatch them all, you just need to look out for thieves, cats, rats and dogs to improve the hatching percentage, Village Chicken don't easily get sick, after few weeks you can separate the chicks from the mother and they start laying again, feeding in broiler contribute greatly in cost of production unlike in Village Chicken anytime any day i will choose Vilage Chicken

GOAT FARMING BUSINESS PLAN FOR BEGINNERS

(This article was requested by a follower of this page)

A suitable and effective business plan is a must for starting any business. As goat farming is a proven highly profitable business idea so, it is very necessary to make a proper goat farming business plan before starting this business. Make a clear and up to date plan before investing your money in this market. Although goat farming project requires less capital and investment than raising any other livestock. You can start goat farming business with a very small investment. But in the result you will get more profits than any other livestock farming projects. High profit within a very short time, little investment, huge global demand are the main reasons of spreading this business rapidly throughout the world. If you want to start this business and if you have the ability of making a plan perfectly then you will defiantly be able to achieve the highest profit from goat farming business. If you are a beginner in this market then first of all meet with some successful goat producers and visit some farms. By visiting some farms and producers you will get some clear idea about the pros and corns of this business. This will help you running your business perfectly. However, for making a suitable goat farming business plan read the following criteria very carefully.

A) GOAT PRODUCT

First of all make a clear decision of what do you really want to produce and sell from your goat farming business. Goats are multi-purpose animals. You can produce the products like milk, meat, fiber, manure and skin form goats. Go to your nearest market and try to understand which goat products have a high demand in the market. Try to produce those products which you can sell easily in your local area and in the market. Otherwise you will lose money instead of being benefited. For an example, you have established a dairy goat farming business. And your goats are producing milk highly. But there are a little or no goat milk consumer in your local market. Then what will you do with your production? So, always keep in mind this factor and try to produce those products which you can sell easily in your local market. If you have a good facility of marketing your products internationally then you can produce any product from your farm. However, make a good decision of what you are going to produce form your goat farming business.

1. Meat: Nowadays goat meat has a great demand internationally. And this rate is increasing rapidly day by day. A report shows that about 70% of total consumed meat globally comes form the goat. If you have sufficient facility of selling goat meat in your local market then you can start raising some highly meat productive goat breeds. Boer, Beetal, Matou, Black Bengal etc. are highly meat productive goat breeds.

2. Milk: Goat milk is enriched with many necessary nutrition elements and it is easily digestible. As a result it has huge demand in local and international market. Goat milk is also very suitable for making all types of dairy products. If you can sell goat milk in your nearest market easily then you have to choose some highly milk productive goat breeds. Some highly milk producing goat breeds are Saanen, Jamunapari, Toggenburg, Anglo Nubian, Alpine etc.

3. Fiber: If you want to produce fiber form your farm then Cashmere and Angora goat are very suitable. Both are highly fiber productive.

4. Skin: All goat breeds produce skin. But few of them produce high quality skin. For business purpose Black Bengal goat produces high quality skin. And their skin has a high demand and value in the international market. Before start raising goats for skin be sure that there is a market available for selling your product.

5. Manure: Some crop farmer uses goat manner in their field. It is a very high quality organic fertilizer. You can earn some extra money by selling the manure of goat.

B) GOAT HOUSING

Commercial goat farming needs suitable house for profitable production. Serious goat producers make separate house for their goats. You should make such a house which can provide all types of facilities for your goats. Good house keeps the goat healthy and free from diseases. This directly increases the production. So, before starting consider how comfortable house can you make for your goats. Investment in housing is fixed. And you can use one house for several years.

C) FEED MANAGEMENT

Goats are ruminants. They eat almost all types of crop, corn and leaves. It would be better if you have a grazing place where your goats can roam freely. In this system your goat will get food from natural sources and it also reduce your food cost. In case of raising goats by providing them home made supplementary feed be sure that all feed elements are easily available in your local market. Also ensure sufficient supply of clean and fresh water.

D) HEALTH AND CARE

Always try to raise your goats hygienically. Sometimes your goats may suffer by various diseases. Make sure that a veterinarian doctor is available near your farm. If possible stock some necessary vaccines and medicines in your farm. And always vaccinate your goats timely.

E) TIPS AND SUGGESTIONS

There are many factors related to this business. Before starting goat farming business, ask some questions to yourself.

1. Do you love goats? Loving the animals that you are raising is very important for success-fullness in any business.
2. Do you have any experience in this business? If not, contact with your nearest animal husbandry training centers or visit some farms.
3. Do you have enough capital for setting up your farm? You can also apply for bank loan.
4. Do you have enough facilities for goat farming? For example clean and fresh water source, cultivation of green feeds like plants or grasses, proper marketing, medication etc.
5. What is the market condition of your location? Try to understand the market demand and price of your products.
6. Do you have enough time & interest? This is very important for beginners.
7. Can you personally take care of your goats? Don’t depend on labors. Try to take care of your goats personally along with your labors. Learn more about their health and diseases management. If possible visit some farms practically for several days and try to learn everything related to this business.

Before starting goat farming business plan consider your budget and some other factor related to this business. How much capital do you have? How many facility can you provide to your goats with this capital? Which product do you want to produce form your farm? What are the natural facilities available there for goat farming? Is there any market for selling your products in proper price? Is there any grazing place near your farm? Can you provide provide proper treatment and medicines? If all the answers become positive then you should start goat farming business immediately.GOAT FARMING BUSINESS PLAN FOR BEGINNERS

(This article was requested by a follower of this page)

A suitable and effective business plan is a must for starting any business. As goat farming is a proven highly profitable business idea so, it is very necessary to make a proper goat farming business plan before starting this business. Make a clear and up to date plan before investing your money in this market. Although goat farming project requires less capital and investment than raising any other livestock. You can start goat farming business with a very small investment. But in the result you will get more profits than any other livestock farming projects. High profit within a very short time, little investment, huge global demand are the main reasons of spreading this business rapidly throughout the world. If you want to start this business and if you have the ability of making a plan perfectly then you will defiantly be able to achieve the highest profit from goat farming business. If you are a beginner in this market then first of all meet with some successful goat producers and visit some farms. By visiting some farms and producers you will get some clear idea about the pros and corns of this business. This will help you running your business perfectly. However, for making a suitable goat farming business plan read the following criteria very carefully.

A) GOAT PRODUCT

First of all make a clear decision of what do you really want to produce and sell from your goat farming business. Goats are multi-purpose animals. You can produce the products like milk, meat, fiber, manure and skin form goats. Go to your nearest market and try to understand which goat products have a high demand in the market. Try to produce those products which you can sell easily in your local area and in the market. Otherwise you will lose money instead of being benefited. For an example, you have established a dairy goat farming business. And your goats are producing milk highly. But there are a little or no goat milk consumer in your local market. Then what will you do with your production? So, always keep in mind this factor and try to produce those products which you can sell easily in your local market. If you have a good facility of marketing your products internationally then you can produce any product from your farm. However, make a good decision of what you are going to produce form your goat farming business.

1. Meat: Nowadays goat meat has a great demand internationally. And this rate is increasing rapidly day by day. A report shows that about 70% of total consumed meat globally comes form the goat. If you have sufficient facility of selling goat meat in your local market then you can start raising some highly meat productive goat breeds. Boer, Beetal, Matou, Black Bengal etc. are highly meat productive goat breeds.

2. Milk: Goat milk is enriched with many necessary nutrition elements and it is easily digestible. As a result it has huge demand in local and international market. Goat milk is also very suitable for making all types of dairy products. If you can sell goat milk in your nearest market easily then you have to choose some highly milk productive goat breeds. Some highly milk producing goat breeds are Saanen, Jamunapari, Toggenburg, Anglo Nubian, Alpine etc.

3. Fiber: If you want to produce fiber form your farm then Cashmere and Angora goat are very suitable. Both are highly fiber productive.

4. Skin: All goat breeds produce skin. But few of them produce high quality skin. For business purpose Black Bengal goat produces high quality skin. And their skin has a high demand and value in the international market. Before start raising goats for skin be sure that there is a market available for selling your product.

5. Manure: Some crop farmer uses goat manner in their field. It is a very high quality organic fertilizer. You can earn some extra money by selling the manure of goat.

B) GOAT HOUSING

Commercial goat farming needs suitable house for profitable production. Serious goat producers make separate house for their goats. You should make such a house which can provide all types of facilities for your goats. Good house keeps the goat healthy and free from diseases. This directly increases the production. So, before starting consider how comfortable house can you make for your goats. Investment in housing is fixed. And you can use one house for several years.

C) FEED MANAGEMENT

Goats are ruminants. They eat almost all types of crop, corn and leaves. It would be better if you have a grazing place where your goats can roam freely. In this system your goat will get food from natural sources and it also reduce your food cost. In case of raising goats by providing them home made supplementary feed be sure that all feed elements are easily available in your local market. Also ensure sufficient supply of clean and fresh water.

D) HEALTH AND CARE

Always try to raise your goats hygienically. Sometimes your goats may suffer by various diseases. Make sure that a veterinarian doctor is available near your farm. If possible stock some necessary vaccines and medicines in your farm. And always vaccinate your goats timely.

E) TIPS AND SUGGESTIONS

There are many factors related to this business. Before starting goat farming business, ask some questions to yourself.

1. Do you love goats? Loving the animals that you are raising is very important for success-fullness in any business.
2. Do you have any experience in this business? If not, contact with your nearest animal husbandry training centers or visit some farms.
3. Do you have enough capital for setting up your farm? You can also apply for bank loan.
4. Do you have enough facilities for goat farming? For example clean and fresh water source, cultivation of green feeds like plants or grasses, proper marketing, medication etc.
5. What is the market condition of your location? Try to understand the market demand and price of your products.
6. Do you have enough time & interest? This is very important for beginners.
7. Can you personally take care of your goats? Don’t depend on labors. Try to take care of your goats personally along with your labors. Learn more about their health and diseases management. If possible visit some farms practically for several days and try to learn everything related to this business.

Before starting goat farming business plan consider your budget and some other factor related to this business. How much capital do you have? How many facility can you provide to your goats with this capital? Which product do you want to produce form your farm? What are the natural facilities available there for goat farming? Is there any market for selling your products in proper price? Is there any grazing place near your farm? Can you provide provide proper treatment and medicines? If all the answers become positive then you should start goat farming business immediately.

This would help you

Common Poultry Diseases During the Rainy Season – Signs, Prevention, and Treatment

The rainy season is usually synonymous with an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in temperature; rainfall affects both the quality and quantity of feeding, while wind speed has an impact on the outbreak of diseases.

Poultry birds and poultry production are generally affected by seasonal climatic or weather changes. For instance, in the wet or cold season, chickens eat more feed, drink less water and huddle together to generate heat and keep themselves warm. On the other hand, chickens and other livestock birds consume less feed and drink more water in the hot season or weather in order to cool their body. These changes affect the production of birds, most especially laying birds, as the egg production is reduced in extremely cold or hot weather. This reduction in egg production occurs because when there are extreme cold or hot conditions, these birds are stressed, and their ability to withstand diseases or immune system is seriously affected.

Some certain poultry diseases are rampant in the wet, rainy or cold seasons i.e. the onset of rain favors the propagation and spread of the causative organisms of these diseases and parasites. Hence, most poultry farmers experience high morbidity and mortality rate during this period.

Some of the diseases common during the rainy season will be discussed below.

Fowl Pox

Fowl pox is a highly contagious disease that affects poultry birds at any age. It is caused by poxvirus transmitted by mostly mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. The reason why fowl pox is prevalent during the wet season is that mosquitoes, being the vector, breed well in this season due to the abundance of stagnant water. Also, the incidence of wet litter becomes apparent when poultry houses are not adequately shielded from rain. This leads to the development of wet liter which then predisposes to fly problems in the pen.

How to Recognize Fowl Pox in Chickens

There are some visible things you will notice, which are proofs that your chickens or turkeys have come down with fowlpox disease. Fowl pox leads to the development of round lesions with scabby centers on the skin of the birds. The majority of the skin lesions are located on the wattle, face, comb, and some are occasionally located on the legs. This disease also affects the mouth and windpipe linings. The lesions that are formed in the throat can develop to the extent of blocking the throat and it could eventually lead to death as a result of suffocation. Lesions on the face can extend to the eyes, causing temporary or permanent blindness of the affected bird.

How to Prevent Fowlpox in Chickens

The mechanical carriers of fowl pox are mosquitoes. So it is advisable to reduce the mosquitoes around your farm or environment.
Ordinary sanitation and management practices will not avert this disease, so vaccination is often the solution. It is recommended to vaccinate chickens and turkeys such as breeders, egg layers, and those that are highly susceptible to fowl pox.
Live fowlpox vaccine is administered in the wing web of birds within age 6 and 10 weeks..
If aggressive pecking is controlled among birds, skin damage which fowl pox causes is reduced.

How to Treat Fowlpox in Chickens

Unfortunately, fowlpox has no treatment once the fowlpox virus has affected a bird. But as long as a diseased bird is eating and drinking, it will recover from the disease in about two weeks or more with low mortality rate. When a bird recovers successfully from fowlpox, it is immune to the disease permanently.

Fowl Cholera

Fowl Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects birds of age 6 weeks old and above. The bacterium responsible for this is Pasteurella multocida. It is highly contagious and mortality in acute cases is high. The causative organism is spread readily during the rainy season because wet liter serves as an abode of numerous microorganisms.

How to Recognize Fowl Cholera in Chickens

In acute cases, birds that appear healthy die suddenly while in chronic cases the affected birds show the following:

Yellow, green or grey diarrhoea
Loss of appetite
Laboured breathing
Drooped wings and tail feathersRuffled feathers
Swelling of the leg joints, sinuses, wattle and foot pad
Twisting of the neck (torticolis)
Discharge from the nostril or beak

Note: The above signs are also similar to those of fowl typhoid.

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Fowl Cholera in Chickens

Fowl cholera can be treated using sulfa drugs, tetracycline, and erythromycin.
Poultry birds can be vaccinated against fowl cholera by administering a fowl cholera vaccine.
Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation.
Practice a high level of biosecurity and prevent rodents, wild birds, and other animals.

Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea)

These bacterial diseases affect birds of all ages. They are endemic in farms or pens with poor sanitation, such as is seen when wet liter is allowed to stay for a long time. They affect the digestive system of the infected birds.

How to Recognize Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum in Chickens
Severe diarrhoeaLoss of appetite
Depression and emaciation
Chicks suffer omphalitis
White pasty diarrhoea in pullorum disease
Huddling together and laboured breathing

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum

Salmonellosis, E. coli and Pullorum diseases can be treated by administering a broad-spectrum antibioticto the flock.
High-level farm/pen hygiene and sanitation must be maintained.
Biosecurity measures should be in place.
Avoid feeding birds with contaminated feeds.

Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry. Due to the high humidity during the cold season, feeds or litter dampens, thus creating a favourable environment for fungus to grow and thrive. The birds also inhale Aspergillus spores and these spores develop into lesions filling the lungs causing respiratory problems or discomforts. Birds under intensive management systems would experience high disease spread if the stocking density is high and ventilation is inadequate or poor.

How to Recognize Aspergillosis in Chickens

There are a wide range of clinical signs presented in birds with aspergillosis. This is because they vary depending on how the chicken became infected, where lesions develop in their body, organ(s) involved, and their overall health status (immune system). Aspergillosis may be acute or chronic in nature.

Acute form: This generally occurs in young chicks and results in high morbidity and mortality. Onset is very quick and usually develops within a week. Most affected birds will die within a few days without emergency veterinary care. The most common signs include; Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, and cyanosis (bluish/purplish comb).Chronic form: This is usually very subtle in onset, and it may take several weeks or months to develop. It is most common in older birds, many with a history of malnutrition, stress, concurrent illness, or prolonged antibiotic/corticosteroid use. The entire course of the disease ranges from less than 1 week to over 6 weeks in duration. The most common clinical signs observed include: Weight loss, reduced appetite, exercise intolerance, increased respiratory rate, changes in vocalization (voice), often more apparent in roosters, audible respiratory sounds, tail bobbing, open-mouthed breathing.

A presumptive diagnosis of aspergillosis can usually be made based on the history of the flock, clinical signs, and physical examination. In order for your veterinarian to obtain a definite diagnosis of aspergillosis, they will need to collect some samples and send to a diagnostic laboratory, to confirm the presence of Aspergillus in the bird.

How to Prevent Aspergillosis in Chickens

Dry, good quality litter and feed and hygiene will help in the prevention of aspergillosis. Antifungal drugs such as Thiabendazole or Nystatin can be used in feed.

How to Treat Aspergillosis in Chickens

Usually none. Environmental spraying with effective antifungal antiseptic may help reduce the challenge. Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been used in high-value birds.

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan Eimeria sp in poultry, most species infect various sites in the intestine. The infectious process is rapid (4–7 days) and is characterized by parasite replication in host cells with extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa. Poultry coccidia are generally host-specific, and the different species parasitize specific parts of the intestine. However, in game birds, including quail, the coccidia may parasitize the entire intestinal tract. Coccidia are distributed worldwide in poultry, game birds reared in captivity, and wild birds.

The wet litter and the hot pen temperature commonly observed in the rainy season favours the sporulation of the coccidian oocyst and therefore, the outbreak of coccidiosis.

How to Recognize Coccidiosis in Chickens

Clinically, bloody faeces, ruffled feathers, anaemia, and somnolence are observed. Other signs of coccidiosis range from decreased growth rate to a high percentage of visibly sick birds, severe diarrhea, and high mortality. Feed and water consumption are depressed. Weight loss, development of culls, decreased egg production, and increased mortality may accompany outbreaks. Mild infections of intestinal species, which would otherwise be classed as subclinical, may cause depigmentation and potentially lead to secondary infection, particularly Clostridium spp infection. Survivors of severe infections recover in 10–14 days but may never recover lost performance.

The lesions are almost entirely in the intestinal tract and often have a distinctive location and appearance that is useful in diagnosis.

How to Prevent Coccidiosis in Chickens

Basic hygiene is your first step for prevention. It is good to ensure that the poultry house is generally clean and dry.

Ensure water is clean and fresh. Keep feeding areas clean and dry.Ensure the birds have enough space i.e. overcrowding should be prevented as it is a predisposing factor for coccidiosis. Chickens need an average of a square meter for 3-5 birds.If your chicks have not been vaccinated against coccidiosis, provide medicated starter feed for them. Anticoccidial medication should be given to the chicks at around 12 days of age (this might vary depending on the vaccination schedule being followed).An all-in all-out method should be employed on the farm in order to prevent a horizontal transfer of infection. If this method is not feasible, keep the new batch quarantined for a minimum of two weeks, for the protection of the current stock.How to Treat Coccidiosis in Chickens

Once coccidiosis is diagnosed in a flock, all the birds need to be treated. Also, the litter needs to be changed so that birds do not pick up the sporulated oocyst from the droppings of affected birds. Common anticoccidial drugs include; Amprolium, toltrazuril, sulfaquinoxaline etc.

How to Manage Poultry Birds Optimally in the Rainy Season

To manage poultry such as chickens, turkeys, quails, duck, and pheasants during cold or rainy periods, poultry farmers have to do the following:

Add oil or fat to the diet of the birds or reduce the level of nutrients that are not required by the birds to generate heat.
This is necessary to avoid wastage and reduce feed production costs, since birds consume more feed to generate heat.
Install electric bulbs or heater in the pen to serve as a secondary source of heat for the birds. This would help the birds drink enough water and stay warm without getting the reserved energy used up in the process.
Though very rare in an intensive system but rampant in a free-range system, birds drink from the stagnant water around, thus pick up eggs of parasitic organisms such as intestinal worms. That is why it is important to deworm poultry birds bi-monthly with effective dewormers such as piperazine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic like oxytetracycline should be administered to the birds every month.
Construct a generous roof overhang over the entrance and sides of pens to prevent rainwater from getting into the pen whenever it rains.
Construct a foot dip at the entrances of the pens and a strong disinfectant solution should be in the foot dip always.
Vaccinate birds at the right time.Common Poultry Diseases During the Rainy Season – Signs, Prevention, and Treatment

The rainy season is usually synonymous with an increase in relative humidity and a reduction in temperature; rainfall affects both the quality and quantity of feeding, while wind speed has an impact on the outbreak of diseases.

Poultry birds and poultry production are generally affected by seasonal climatic or weather changes. For instance, in the wet or cold season, chickens eat more feed, drink less water and huddle together to generate heat and keep themselves warm. On the other hand, chickens and other livestock birds consume less feed and drink more water in the hot season or weather in order to cool their body. These changes affect the production of birds, most especially laying birds, as the egg production is reduced in extremely cold or hot weather. This reduction in egg production occurs because when there are extreme cold or hot conditions, these birds are stressed, and their ability to withstand diseases or immune system is seriously affected.

Some certain poultry diseases are rampant in the wet, rainy or cold seasons i.e. the onset of rain favors the propagation and spread of the causative organisms of these diseases and parasites. Hence, most poultry farmers experience high morbidity and mortality rate during this period.

Some of the diseases common during the rainy season will be discussed below.

Fowl Pox

Fowl pox is a highly contagious disease that affects poultry birds at any age. It is caused by poxvirus transmitted by mostly mosquitoes and other blood-sucking insects. The reason why fowl pox is prevalent during the wet season is that mosquitoes, being the vector, breed well in this season due to the abundance of stagnant water. Also, the incidence of wet litter becomes apparent when poultry houses are not adequately shielded from rain. This leads to the development of wet liter which then predisposes to fly problems in the pen.

How to Recognize Fowl Pox in Chickens

There are some visible things you will notice, which are proofs that your chickens or turkeys have come down with fowlpox disease. Fowl pox leads to the development of round lesions with scabby centers on the skin of the birds. The majority of the skin lesions are located on the wattle, face, comb, and some are occasionally located on the legs. This disease also affects the mouth and windpipe linings. The lesions that are formed in the throat can develop to the extent of blocking the throat and it could eventually lead to death as a result of suffocation. Lesions on the face can extend to the eyes, causing temporary or permanent blindness of the affected bird.

How to Prevent Fowlpox in Chickens

The mechanical carriers of fowl pox are mosquitoes. So it is advisable to reduce the mosquitoes around your farm or environment.
Ordinary sanitation and management practices will not avert this disease, so vaccination is often the solution. It is recommended to vaccinate chickens and turkeys such as breeders, egg layers, and those that are highly susceptible to fowl pox.
Live fowlpox vaccine is administered in the wing web of birds within age 6 and 10 weeks..
If aggressive pecking is controlled among birds, skin damage which fowl pox causes is reduced.

How to Treat Fowlpox in Chickens

Unfortunately, fowlpox has no treatment once the fowlpox virus has affected a bird. But as long as a diseased bird is eating and drinking, it will recover from the disease in about two weeks or more with low mortality rate. When a bird recovers successfully from fowlpox, it is immune to the disease permanently.

Fowl Cholera

Fowl Cholera is a bacterial disease that affects birds of age 6 weeks old and above. The bacterium responsible for this is Pasteurella multocida. It is highly contagious and mortality in acute cases is high. The causative organism is spread readily during the rainy season because wet liter serves as an abode of numerous microorganisms.

How to Recognize Fowl Cholera in Chickens

In acute cases, birds that appear healthy die suddenly while in chronic cases the affected birds show the following:

Yellow, green or grey diarrhoea
Loss of appetite
Laboured breathing
Drooped wings and tail feathersRuffled feathers
Swelling of the leg joints, sinuses, wattle and foot pad
Twisting of the neck (torticolis)
Discharge from the nostril or beak

Note: The above signs are also similar to those of fowl typhoid.

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Fowl Cholera in Chickens

Fowl cholera can be treated using sulfa drugs, tetracycline, and erythromycin.
Poultry birds can be vaccinated against fowl cholera by administering a fowl cholera vaccine.
Maintain proper hygiene and sanitation.
Practice a high level of biosecurity and prevent rodents, wild birds, and other animals.

Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum Disease (Bacillary White Diarrhoea)

These bacterial diseases affect birds of all ages. They are endemic in farms or pens with poor sanitation, such as is seen when wet liter is allowed to stay for a long time. They affect the digestive system of the infected birds.

How to Recognize Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum in Chickens
Severe diarrhoeaLoss of appetite
Depression and emaciation
Chicks suffer omphalitis
White pasty diarrhoea in pullorum disease
Huddling together and laboured breathing

How to Treat, Prevent, and Control Salmonellosis, Escherichia coli, Pullorum

Salmonellosis, E. coli and Pullorum diseases can be treated by administering a broad-spectrum antibioticto the flock.
High-level farm/pen hygiene and sanitation must be maintained.
Biosecurity measures should be in place.
Avoid feeding birds with contaminated feeds.

Aspergillosis

Aspergillosis is the disease caused by Aspergillus fumigatus in poultry. Due to the high humidity during the cold season, feeds or litter dampens, thus creating a favourable environment for fungus to grow and thrive. The birds also inhale Aspergillus spores and these spores develop into lesions filling the lungs causing respiratory problems or discomforts. Birds under intensive management systems would experience high disease spread if the stocking density is high and ventilation is inadequate or poor.

How to Recognize Aspergillosis in Chickens

There are a wide range of clinical signs presented in birds with aspergillosis. This is because they vary depending on how the chicken became infected, where lesions develop in their body, organ(s) involved, and their overall health status (immune system). Aspergillosis may be acute or chronic in nature.

Acute form: This generally occurs in young chicks and results in high morbidity and mortality. Onset is very quick and usually develops within a week. Most affected birds will die within a few days without emergency veterinary care. The most common signs include; Lethargy, depression, loss of appetite, difficulty in breathing, and cyanosis (bluish/purplish comb).Chronic form: This is usually very subtle in onset, and it may take several weeks or months to develop. It is most common in older birds, many with a history of malnutrition, stress, concurrent illness, or prolonged antibiotic/corticosteroid use. The entire course of the disease ranges from less than 1 week to over 6 weeks in duration. The most common clinical signs observed include: Weight loss, reduced appetite, exercise intolerance, increased respiratory rate, changes in vocalization (voice), often more apparent in roosters, audible respiratory sounds, tail bobbing, open-mouthed breathing.

A presumptive diagnosis of aspergillosis can usually be made based on the history of the flock, clinical signs, and physical examination. In order for your veterinarian to obtain a definite diagnosis of aspergillosis, they will need to collect some samples and send to a diagnostic laboratory, to confirm the presence of Aspergillus in the bird.

How to Prevent Aspergillosis in Chickens

Dry, good quality litter and feed and hygiene will help in the prevention of aspergillosis. Antifungal drugs such as Thiabendazole or Nystatin can be used in feed.

How to Treat Aspergillosis in Chickens

Usually none. Environmental spraying with effective antifungal antiseptic may help reduce the challenge. Amphotericin B and Nystatin have been used in high-value birds.

Coccidiosis

Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan Eimeria sp in poultry, most species infect various sites in the intestine. The infectious process is rapid (4–7 days) and is characterized by parasite replication in host cells with extensive damage to the intestinal mucosa. Poultry coccidia are generally host-specific, and the different species parasitize specific parts of the intestine. However, in game birds, including quail, the coccidia may parasitize the entire intestinal tract. Coccidia are distributed worldwide in poultry, game birds reared in captivity, and wild birds.

The wet litter and the hot pen temperature commonly observed in the rainy season favours the sporulation of the coccidian oocyst and therefore, the outbreak of coccidiosis.

How to Recognize Coccidiosis in Chickens

Clinically, bloody faeces, ruffled feathers, anaemia, and somnolence are observed. Other signs of coccidiosis range from decreased growth rate to a high percentage of visibly sick birds, severe diarrhea, and high mortality. Feed and water consumption are depressed. Weight loss, development of culls, decreased egg production, and increased mortality may accompany outbreaks. Mild infections of intestinal species, which would otherwise be classed as subclinical, may cause depigmentation and potentially lead to secondary infection, particularly Clostridium spp infection. Survivors of severe infections recover in 10–14 days but may never recover lost performance.

The lesions are almost entirely in the intestinal tract and often have a distinctive location and appearance that is useful in diagnosis.

How to Prevent Coccidiosis in Chickens

Basic hygiene is your first step for prevention. It is good to ensure that the poultry house is generally clean and dry.

Ensure water is clean and fresh. Keep feeding areas clean and dry.Ensure the birds have enough space i.e. overcrowding should be prevented as it is a predisposing factor for coccidiosis. Chickens need an average of a square meter for 3-5 birds.If your chicks have not been vaccinated against coccidiosis, provide medicated starter feed for them. Anticoccidial medication should be given to the chicks at around 12 days of age (this might vary depending on the vaccination schedule being followed).An all-in all-out method should be employed on the farm in order to prevent a horizontal transfer of infection. If this method is not feasible, keep the new batch quarantined for a minimum of two weeks, for the protection of the current stock.How to Treat Coccidiosis in Chickens

Once coccidiosis is diagnosed in a flock, all the birds need to be treated. Also, the litter needs to be changed so that birds do not pick up the sporulated oocyst from the droppings of affected birds. Common anticoccidial drugs include; Amprolium, toltrazuril, sulfaquinoxaline etc.

How to Manage Poultry Birds Optimally in the Rainy Season

To manage poultry such as chickens, turkeys, quails, duck, and pheasants during cold or rainy periods, poultry farmers have to do the following:

Add oil or fat to the diet of the birds or reduce the level of nutrients that are not required by the birds to generate heat.
This is necessary to avoid wastage and reduce feed production costs, since birds consume more feed to generate heat.
Install electric bulbs or heater in the pen to serve as a secondary source of heat for the birds. This would help the birds drink enough water and stay warm without getting the reserved energy used up in the process.
Though very rare in an intensive system but rampant in a free-range system, birds drink from the stagnant water around, thus pick up eggs of parasitic organisms such as intestinal worms. That is why it is important to deworm poultry birds bi-monthly with effective dewormers such as piperazine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic like oxytetracycline should be administered to the birds every month.
Construct a generous roof overhang over the entrance and sides of pens to prevent rainwater from getting into the pen whenever it rains.
Construct a foot dip at the entrances of the pens and a strong disinfectant solution should be in the foot dip always.
Vaccinate birds at the right time

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