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Dysmenorrhea, also known as painful periods or menstrual cramps, is pain during menstruation. Its usual onset occurs around the time that menstruation begins. Symptoms typically last less than three days. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Other symptoms may include back pain, diarrhea or nausea.

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. These contrast with benign tumors, which do not spread. Possible signs and symptoms include a lump, abnormal bleeding, prolonged cough, unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements. While these symptoms may indicate cancer, they can also have other causes. Over 100 types of cancers affect humans

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by excessive, uncontrollable and often irrational worry about events or activities. This excessive worry often interferes with daily functioning, and sufferers are overly concerned about everyday matters such as health issues, money, death, family problems, friendship problems, interpersonal relationship problems, or work difficulties. Symptoms may include excessive worry, restlessness, trouble sleeping, feeling tired, irritability, sweating, and trembling

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The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans. Over time, they cause acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a condition in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive. Without treatment, average survival time after infection with HIV is estimated to be 9 to 11 years, depending on the HIV subtype. In most cases, HIV is a sexually transmitted infection and occurs by contact with or transfer of blood, pre-ejaculate, semen, and va**nal fluids. Research has shown (for both same-sex and opposite-sex couples) that HIV is untransmittable through condomless sexual in*******se if the HIV-positive partner has a consistently undetectable viral load.

Non-sexual transmission can occur from an infected mother to her infant during pregnancy, during childbirth by exposure to her blood or va**nal fluid, and through breast milk.

Within these bodily fluids, HIV is present as both free virus particles and virus within infected immune cells.

HIV infects vital cells in the human immune system, such as helper T cells (specifically CD4+ T cells), macrophages, and dendritic cells. HIV infection leads to low levels of CD4+ T cells through a number of mechanisms, including pyroptosis of abortively infected T cells,apoptosis of uninfected bystander cells,direct viral killing of infected cells, and killing of infected CD4+ T cells by CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes that recognize infected cells.

When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections, leading to the development of AIDS.

Ebola, also known as Ebola virus disease (EVD) or Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF), is a viral hemorrhagic fever of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses.Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches.Vomiting, diarrhoea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys.

At this time, some people begin to bleed both internally and externally.The disease has a high risk of death, killing 25% to 90% of those infected, with an average of about 50%.This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to 16 days after symptoms appear.

Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne tropical disease caused by the dengue virus. Symptoms typically begin three to fourteen days after infection.These may include a high fever, headache, vomiting, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristic skin rash.Recovery generally takes two to seven days.

In a small proportion of cases, the disease develops into severe dengue, also known as dengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs.

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. The signs and symptoms of syphilis vary depending in which of the four stages it presents (primary, secondary, latent, and tertiary).The primary stage classically presents with a single chancre (a firm, painless, non-itchy skin ulceration usually between 1 cm and 2 cm in diameter) though there may be multiple sores. In secondary syphilis, a diffuse rash occurs, which frequently involves the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There may also be sores in the mouth or va**na.

In latent syphilis, which can last for years, there are few or no symptoms. In tertiary syphilis, there are gummas (soft, non-cancerous growths), neurological problems, or heart symptoms. Syphilis has been known as "the great imitator" as it may cause symptoms similar to many other diseases.

Cholera is an infection of the small intestine by some strains of the bacterium Vibrio cholerae.Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe.The classic symptom is large amounts of watery diarrhea that lasts a few days. Vomiting and muscle cramps may also occur. Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.This may result in sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.Dehydration can cause the skin to turn bluish. Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure.

Covid-19 Measures Have All but Wiped Out the Flu in the Southern Hemisphere From Chile to South Africa to New Zealand, Southern Hemisphere nations report far lower numbers of flu cases, which they attribute to coronavirus precautions. The decline could be good news for the U.S. and Europe.

*PURE AT A GLANCE*

*1. What is PURE ?*

Ans= 🎷PURE stands for ( People United Reaching Everyone). Pure is a Multi Billion Dollar Wellness company from the USA into Direct sales and Reward system. Their Vision is to unitedly reach out to everyone because health is for ALL.

Our Product Philosophy and Mission is to :

*CLEANSE* : Your Body of Toxins and Free Radicals
*BALANCE* : Your Alkalinity and Hormones
*BUILD* : Your Immune System

*2. Who are the Executives of LIVE PURE Company?*

Ans=🎷 The executives of LIVEPURE are men of INTEGRITY and with PURE HEARTS in the business environment; *Dae Geun Jung* (chairman), *Bobby Love* (President ), With *Phil Knight* the founder of Nike brand as co Investor/Owner.

*3. When was it Established and where is its Global Headquarters ?*

Ans= 🎷It was established in 2008 as Genesis PURE. It is an international company with offices in the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, Thailand, Taiwan, Korea, etc and headquartered in Frisco, Texas

*4. What products are PURE into?*

Ans= 🎷PURE products ranges from :

Nutrition,
Skincare, Performance, Alkaline Water, Energy Drinks, etc.

Some of our products are listed on the Physician Desk Reference (pdr.net) which is prescription hand book for Doctors in America, the products are :
Healthtrim Cleanse, Purxcel,
Daily Build Liquid and Capsules and Pure Energy

*5. How long has the Company operated?*

Ans=🎷 The Company have operated for over 11years,from 2008- till date in the USA, and One year in AFRICA (Nigeria and Ghana ).

*6. How many Countries has the Company penetrated or Resides?*

Ans= 🎷The Company is in more than 12 countries, and presently in NIGERIA , GHANA , SOUTH AFRICA, KENYA and will be launched in CAMEROON very soon.

*7. Do they have a Global Website?*

Ans= 🎷 YES. It is www.livepure.com

*8. Where is the Nigerian head office address?*

Ans= 🎷The Nigerian official address is _104 obafemi awolowo way, Ikeja bus stop Lagos._

*9. Who can Join PURE and Why must l join PURE*

Ans= 🎷Anybody can join. You need to join Pure for your health (Well being) and to increase your Financial Status (Wealth).

*10. Hope it will Not crash like other schemes?*

Ans: 🎷LIVEPURE is not a Ponzi or Pyramid Scheme. It is a *hybrid matrix plan* that will be Sustainable for Decades. An investment that has products which are Consumables and has being doing Business for over 11 years Think Integrity think PURE

*11. How much can I Start with?*

Ans=🎷 Registration is free, you only pay for Activation, We have several launch packs for all categories of income earners. You can activate with

*Single Pack*
=N= 40,000. (50pv)

*Personal pack*
=N=60,000. (100pv)

*Family Pack*
=N=165,000. (250pv)

*Business Pack*
=N=320,000 (500pv)

*12. What do I earn when my Direct downlines activate:*

Ans=
On 40k, you earn N7,400
On 60k, you earn N14,800
On 165k, you earn N31,400
On 320k, you earn N55,500

*12. What are the Benefits of PURE?*

Ans=🎷 Wow!!! the Benefits are Enormous

📍 *RETAIL BONUS* :
You are expected to make not less than 25% (N4,250) profit retailing

📍 *TEAM BONUS-*

10% of your LTV (Lesser Team Volume is paid.) every Friday.

📍 *GENERATIONAL BONUS* :

You earn 7% of your team members commissions anytime you the rank of Gold Director and above every Friday on weekly basis.

📍 *LIFESTYLE BONUS* :
You earn Lifestyle Bonus as a Monthly Salary after you have Earned on same volume on weekly basis
All you need to do is to Hit a particular Rank two times in a month

📍 *LEADERSHIP BONUS* :
From the rank of a Diamond Director. You qualify to earn one share of the company's total profit in the world on weekly basis.

📍 *TRAVELLING INCENTIVE* .

Hit the Rank of Diamond and Qualify for the Annual Leadership Convention in Dallas USA on all expenses Paid, Visa, Ticket, Five Star Hotel and spending Money
Hit Diamond Twice and Travel with your wife or Husband to our annual Five Days Ship Cruise in Europe

💥 *CAR.PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM.*

Once you hit the diamond rank you qualify for Car partnership Programme.

Pure is your Vehicle to a healthy Lifestyle and Financial freedom.🕺💃🏃♀If you don't jump you will never fly, *take good risks*

Want to join this great company? Contact us today 🔥🎊🤝🏻

PDR.Net US-based MDs, DOs, NPs and PAs in full-time patient practice can register for free on PDR.net. PDR.net is to be used only as a reference aid. It is not intended to be a substitute for the exercise of professional judgment. You should confirm the information on the PDR.net site through independent so...

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Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more of your joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.

Osteoarthritis causes cartilage — the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint — to break down. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints.

Uric acid crystals, which form when there's too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis.

Treatments vary depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.


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KEY FACTS

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal disease that can kill within hours if left untreated.

Researchers have estimated that each year there are 1.3 million to 4.0 million cases of cholera, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1).

Up to 80% of cases can be successfully treated with oral rehydration solution (ORS).

Severe cases will need rapid treatment with intravenous fluids and antibiotics.

Provision of safe water and sanitation is critical to control the transmission of cholera and other waterborne diseases.

Safe oral cholera vaccines should be used in conjunction with improvements in water and sanitation to control cholera outbreaks and for prevention in areas known to be high risk for cholera.

A global strategy on cholera control with a target to reduce cholera deaths by 90% was launched in 2017.

Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal infection caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera remains a global threat to public health and an indicator of inequity and lack of social development. Researchers have estimated that every year, there are roughly 1.3 to 4.0 million cases, and 21 000 to 143 000 deaths worldwide due to cholera (1).

Symptoms

Cholera is an extremely virulent disease that can cause severe acute watery diarrhoea. It takes between 12 hours and 5 days for a person to show symptoms after ingesting contaminated food or water (2). Cholera affects both children and adults and can kill within hours if untreated.

Most people infected with V. cholerae do not develop any symptoms, although the bacteria are present in their faeces for 1-10 days after infection and are shed back into the environment, potentially infecting other people.

Among people who develop symptoms, the majority have mild or moderate symptoms, while a minority develop acute watery diarrhoea with severe dehydration. This can lead to death if left untreated.

History

During the 19th century, cholera spread across the world from its original reservoir in the Ganges delta in India. Six subsequent pandemics killed millions of people across all continents. The current (seventh) pandemic started in South Asia in 1961, and reached Africa in 1971 and the Americas in 1991. Cholera is now endemic in many countries.

Vibrio cholerae strains

There are many serogroups of V. cholerae, but only two – O1 and O139 – cause outbreaks. V. cholerae O1 has caused all recent outbreaks. V. cholerae O139 – first identified in Bangladesh in 1992 – caused outbreaks in the past, but recently has only been identified in sporadic cases. It has never been identified outside Asia. There is no difference in the illness caused by the two serogroups.

Epidemiology, risk factors, and disease burden

Cholera can be endemic or epidemic. A cholera-endemic area is an area where confirmed cholera cases were detected during the last 3 years with evidence of local transmission (meaning the cases are not imported from elsewhere). A cholera outbreak/epidemic can occur in both endemic countries and in countries where cholera does not regularly occur.

In cholera endemic countries an outbreak can be seasonal or sporadic and represents a greater than expected number of cases. In a country where cholera does not regularly occur, an outbreak is defined by the occurrence of at least 1 confirmed case of cholera with evidence of local transmission in an area where there is not usually cholera.

Cholera transmission is closely linked to inadequate access to clean water and sanitation facilities. Typical at-risk areas include peri-urban slums, and camps for internally displaced persons or refugees, where minimum requirements of clean water and sanitation are not been met.

The consequences of a humanitarian crisis – such as disruption of water and sanitation systems, or the displacement of populations to inadequate and overcrowded camps – can increase the risk of cholera transmission, should the bacteria be present or introduced. Uninfected dead bodies have never been reported as the source of epidemics.

The number of cholera cases reported to WHO has continued to be high over the last few years. During 2017,1 227 391 cases were notified from 34 countries, including 5654 deaths (3). The discrepancy between these figures and the estimated burden of the disease is since many cases are not recorded due to limitations in surveillance systems and fear of impact on trade and tourism.

Prevention and control

A multifaceted approach is key to control cholera, and to reduce deaths. A combination of surveillance, water, sanitation and hygiene, social mobilisation, treatment, and oral cholera vaccines are used.

Treatment

Cholera is an easily treatable disease. The majority of people can be treated successfully through prompt administration of oral rehydration solution (ORS). The WHO/UNICEF ORS standard sachet is dissolved in 1 litre (L) of clean water. Adult patients may require up to 6 L of ORS to treat moderate dehydration on the first day.

Severely dehydrated patients are at risk of shock and require the rapid administration of intravenous fluids. These patients are also given appropriate antibiotics to diminish the duration of diarrhoea, reduce the volume of rehydration fluids needed, and shorten the amount and duration of V. cholerae excretion in their stool.

Mass administration of antibiotics is not recommended, as it has no proven effect on the spread of cholera may contribute to antimicrobial resistance.

Rapid access to treatment is essential during a cholera outbreak. Oral rehydration should be available in communities, in addition to larger treatment centres that can provide intravenous fluids and 24 hour care. With early and proper treatment, the case fatality rate should remain below 1%.

Zinc is an important adjunctive therapy for children under 5, which also reduces the duration of diarrhoea and may prevent future episodes of other causes of acute watery diarrhoea.

Breastfeeding should also be promoted.

SOURCE
https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera


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DON'T of Using A Face Mask...

Remember, ALWAYS wear a mask while in public spaces, including places of worship

Please DO NOT pull below nose or below the chin. Doing so can put yourself and others at risk for

Key facts
Hypertension - or elevated blood pressure - is a serious medical condition that significantly increases the risks of heart, brain, kidney and other diseases.

An estimated 1.13 billion people worldwide have hypertension, most (two-thirds) living in low- and middle-income countries.

In 2015, 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women had hypertension.

Fewer than 1 in 5 people with hypertension have the problem under control.

Hypertension is a major cause of premature death worldwide.

One of the global targets for noncommunicable diseases is to reduce the prevalence of hypertension by 25% by 2025 (baseline 2010).

WHAT IS HYPERTENSION?
Blood pressure is the force exerted by circulating blood against the walls of the body’s arteries, the major blood vessels in the body. Hypertension is when blood pressure is too high.

Blood pressure is written as two numbers. The first (systolic) number represents the pressure in blood vessels when the heart contracts or beats. The second (diastolic) number represents the pressure in the vessels when the heart rests between beats.

Hypertension is diagnosed if, when it is measured on two different days, the systolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure readings on both days is ≥90 mmHg.

What are the risk factors for hypertension?
Modifiable risk factors include unhealthy diets (excessive salt consumption, a diet high in saturated fat and trans fats, low intake of fruits and vegetables), physical inactivity, consumption of to***co and alcohol, and being overweight or obese.

Non-modifiable risk factors include a family history of hypertension, age over 65 years and co-existing diseases such as diabetes or kidney disease.

What are common symptoms of hypertension?
Hypertension is called a "silent killer". Most people with hypertension are unaware of the problem because it may have no warning signs or symptoms. For this reason, it is essential that blood pressure is measured regularly.

When symptoms do occur, they can include early morning headaches, nosebleeds, irregular heart rhythms, vision changes, and buzzing in the ears. Severe hypertension can cause fatigue, nausea, vomiting, confusion, anxiety, chest pain, and muscle tremors.

The only way to detect hypertension is to have a health professional measure blood pressure. Having blood pressure measured is quick and painless. Individuals can also measure their own blood pressure using automated devices, however, an evaluation by a health professional is important for assessment of risk and associated conditions.



What are the complications of uncontrolled hypertension?
Among other complications, hypertension can cause serious damage to the heart. Excessive pressure can harden arteries, decreasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the heart. This elevated pressure and reduced blood flow can cause:
Chest pain, also called angina.
Heart attack, which occurs when the blood supply to the heart is blocked and heart muscle cells die from lack of oxygen. The longer the blood flow is blocked, the greater the damage to the heart.
Heart failure, which occurs when the heart cannot pump enough blood and oxygen to other vital body organs.
Irregular heart beat which can lead to a sudden death.
Hypertension can also burst or block arteries that supply blood and oxygen to the brain, causing a stroke.

In addition, hypertension can cause kidney damage, leading to kidney failure.
Why is hypertension an important issue in low- and middle-income countries?
The prevalence of hypertension varies across the WHO regions and country income groups. The WHO African Region has the highest prevalence of hypertension (27%) while the WHO Region of the Americas has the lowest prevalence of hypertension (18%).

A review of current trends shows that the number of adults with hypertension increased from 594 million in 1975 to 1.13 billion in 2015, with the increase seen largely in low- and middle-income countries. This increase is due mainly to a rise in hypertension risk factors in those populations.

How can the burden of hypertension be reduced?
Reducing hypertension prevents heart attack, stroke, and kidney damage, as well as other health problems.

Prevention
Reducing salt intake (to less than 5g daily)
Eating more fruit and vegetables
Being physically active on a regular basis
Avoiding use of to***co
Reducing alcohol consumption
Limiting the intake of foods high in saturated fats
Eliminating/reducing trans fats in diet

Management

Reducing and managing mental stress
Regularly checking blood pressure
Treating high blood pressure
Managing other medical conditions

SOURCE : https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension

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