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EFFECT OF IMPROVISATION ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS ON BASIC SCIENCE IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ABAK LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Fly leaf
Title page - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - -- - - - - iv
Acknowledgements - - - - - - - - v
Table of Contents - - - - - - - - vi
Lists of tables - - - - - - - - - x
List of appendices - - - - - - - - xi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - xii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - 10
1.3 Objective of the study - - - - - - 11
1.4 Research Questions -- - - - - - - 11
1.5 Research Hypotheses - - - - - - - 11
1.6 Significance of the study - - - - - - 12
1.7 Delimitations of the study - - - - - - 14
1.8 Limitations of the study - - - - - - 14
1.9 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - 14
CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoretical Framework - - - - - - 16
2.1.1 Piaget’s Learning Theory - - - - - - 16
2.1.2 Constructivists Theory of Learning - - - - - 18
2.2 Conceptual Framework - - - - - - 21
2.2.1 Instructional Materials - - - - - - - 21
2.2.2 Factors that Affects the Use of Instructional Materials in
Basic Science - - - - - - - - 23
2.2.3 Improvisation in Science Teaching - - - - - 24
2.2.3.1 Purpose of Improvising Instructional materials - - - 26
2.2.3.2 Rationale for Improvisation of Instructional Materials - - 28
2.2.2.4 Types of Improvisation - - - - - - 30
2.2.4 The Teaching of Basic Science in Akwa Ibom State - - - 32
2.2.5 Instructional Materials and Students Achievement - - - 35
2.2.6 Gender and Students’ Achievement in Science - - - 36
2.3 Empirical Framework - - - - - - - 38
2.4 Summary of Literature Review - - - - - 41

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Research Design - - - - - - - 43
3.2 Area of Study - - - - - - - - 44
3.3 Population of Study - - - - - - - 45
3.4 Sample and Sampling Technique - - - - - 45
3.5 Instrumentation - - - - - - - 45
3.6 Validation of the instruments - - - - - - 46
3.7 Reliability of the instruments - - - - - - 47
3.8 Scoring - - - - - - - - 47
3.9 Research Procedure - - - - - - - 48
3.10 Method of Data Analysis - - - -- - - 49
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results - - - - - - - - 50
4.2 Discussion of Result - - - - - - - 52
4.3 Summary Findings - - - - - - - 54

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - 55
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - 56
5.3 Implication of the Study - - - - - - 56
5.4 Recommendations - - - - - - - 57
5.5 Suggestion for further Study - - - - - - 58
5.6 References - - - - - - - - 59
5.7 Appendix - - - - - - - - 63

LISTS OF TABLES
Table 1: Test Blueprint for JS2 Basic Science Achievement Test
on the Concept of acid - - - - - 46

Table 2: t-test Analysis of Academic Performance of Students taught
acids using improvised materials and those taught without - 50

Table 3: t-test Analysis of Academic performance of Male and Female
Students Taught Using Improvised Materials - - - 51


LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: Notes of Lesson for Experimental
Group - - - - - - 63
APPENDIX B: Notes of Lesson for Control Group - - 69
APPENDIX C: Basic Science Achievement Test (BSAT) - 75
APPENDIX D: Making Scheme for Basic Science
Achievement Test (BSAT) - - - 78
APPENDIX E: Reliability of the Basic Science
Achievement Test (BSAT) - - - 79
APPENDIX F: Academic Performance of Students Taught
Using Improvised Materials - - - 81
APPENDIX G: Academic Performance of Students
Taught Without Using Improvised
Materials - - - - - 83
APPENDIX H: Academic Performance of Male Students
Taught Using Improvised Materials - - 86

APPENDIX I: Academic Performance of Female
Students Taught Using Improvised
Materials - - - - - 88

ABSTRACT
The study investigated effect of improvisation on academic performance of students on basic science in secondary schools in Abak Local Government Area. Two research questions and two research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study and were all tested at 0.05 levels of significance. The quasi-experimental design was used for the study. The population for the study was made up of two thousand and thirty eight (2038) junior secondary two (JS2) Basic Science students in Abak Local Government Area. One hundred Basic Science students randomly selected from two secondary schools constituted the sample size. The Basic Science Achievement Test (BSAT) was the instrument for data collection. A test–retest method was used to determine the reliability of the instrument and the reliability index of 0.98 was obtained on Achievement Test by correlation analysis using Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Mean, standard deviation and independent t-test statistics were used to analyze the data obtained. The result revealed that there is a significant difference in academic performance of students taught acids using improvised materials and those taught without improvised materials; and that there is no significant difference in academic performance of male and female students taught acids using improvised materials. In view of the findings, it is therefore recommended that basic science teachers should endeavour to use improvised materials in teaching, especially abstract concepts in basic science in view of the changing effect of improvised materials on academic performance of students.

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