M.A English Literature Online Lecture by Dr. Ali Zada

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Past papers .The cherry orchard

Q.Lopakhin's utter lack of feelings is no less appealing than the ignorance and stupidity of the outdated aristocrats .do you agree? (2019A)

Q.How far would you agree that The cherry orchard represents conflict between modernity and traditional Russian society ? Elaborate your answer. (2018A)

Q.How does chekhov bring comedy in tragic situation in The cherry orchard!How far does he succeed? (2017A).

Q.The cherry orchard is about the passing away of the romantic phase and the onset of the modern capitalist tendencies .comment (2016A)

1. "The Cherry Orchard" can be read as a drama tracing the human journey from childhood fantasy to the adult consciousness of harsh reality. Elaborate. (2015)

2. How does the comic element in The Cherry Orchard enhance the tragic impact of the play? (2014)

3. In THE CHERRY ORCHARD, we watch the dreams of childhood dying and ambitions of middle age stirring into action. Comment.(2013)

4. What are the salient features of a naturalistic play? Can THE CHERRY ORCHARD be considered as a naturalistic play?(2012-supp)

5. Is the CHERRY ORCHARD a blend of smiles and tears? Why?(2012)

6. "Again and again his characters speak of trivialities at a time when their thoughts are quite clearly engaged on something quite different" Discuss with reference to THE CHERRY ORCHARD.(2011-SUPP)
7. Discuss the dramatic significance of the following.
(i) The opening scene of THE SEA.
(ii) The character of Trofimov. (2011-SUPP)

8. Discuss the dramatic significance of the sub-plot of The Cherry Orchard.(2011)

9. Write a critical note on the following:
(i) The character of W***y in The Sea
(ii) The character of Lyubov in The Cherry Orchard

10.In what sense does The Cherry Orchard present a break with the old Russian theatre?(2010-SUPP)

11. "Lopakhin is not a merchant in the vulgar sense of the word ... There is no need for him to be the typical merchant. He is a tender-hearted man." Do you think that this statement fully explains Lopakhin's character in The Cherry Orchard? (2010)

12. Why has Chekhov's drama been called 'lyrical' and 'internal' as opposed to 'external'? Discuss with reference to his play The Cherry Orchard. (2009)

13. Is the Cherry Orchard a political play? (2008)
14. "It is not what the characters say which matters, it is what they are and what they are doing with their lives". How far do you agree with this assessment of the characters in The Cherry Orchard? (2007)
15. How far do you think Chekhov is successful in presenting the theme of the passing of the old order through the symbol of cherry orchard.(2006)
16. "The Cherry Orchard is a tragedy despite the fact that Chekhov described it as a comedy". How far would you agree? (2005)
17. Discuss The Cherry Orchard as a comedy. (2004)

18. Write a critical note on the following topics:
(i) The character of Lopakhin in The Cherry Orchard.
(ii) The character of Loevborg in Hedda Gabler. (2004)

1. Explain with reference to the context any THREE of the following passages:
1. You must try to understand. Things have changed. It used to be just the gentry and the peasants. But not there is a new sort of visitor ... people who want to come here in the summer. (2004)
2. You can charge each tenant twenty-five roubles a year per hectare per plot --- easily. If you advertise right away I guarantee by the autumn you won't have a single plot left (2005)
3. I trust nobody needs reminding that Orchard and estate come under hammer in two weeks' time ..... Two weeks friends. Try to think of it while you dine.(2008)
4. How can we begin to live in the present if we don't redeem the past .... come to terms with it? There is only one way. By suffering. By work. By extraordinary effort .... by unceasing toil. Try to understand that, Anya. (2009)
5. I tell you every day. Every day I say the same thing over and over again. You must let the cherry orchard and the land under building leases for summer cottages, and you must do it now, as quickly as possible, or the auction will be on top of you! (2010)
6. Oh, no, not at all. But there's going to be an enormous bump in my head for all that.(2010-supp)
7. I suddenly felt sorry for Mama, I just put my hands on her face and held her, I just couldn't let her go. And afterwards she hugged me, and cried.(2011)
8. Oh, for my sins, I've always spent money like a lunatic. I married a man who only knew how to get into debts --- killed himself drinking champagne --- oh, how he drank! I fell in love with someone else - God, what a misfortune! We had an affair.(2011-supp)

9. Oh my lovely innocent childhood! Sleeping here is the nursery, looking out into the orchard, --- every morning waking up to happiness. And it is --- the same as it was, nothing's changed.(2012)

10. All his narrow minded concern with petty illusion, can't she understand that we are above all that? We must be free of the small, the pointless...(2012-supp)

11. There is no turning back ... is it over ... finished and done worth long ago. Stop worrying. And stop deceiving yourself ... for once in your life look at the truth and face it. (2013)

12. Oh my lovely innocent childhood! Sleeping here in the nursery, looking out into the orchard, ... every morning waking up to happiness. And it is ... the same as it was, nothing's changed.(2014)
13. All his narrow minded concern with petty illusion, can't she understand that we are above all that? We must be free of the small, the pointless…(2015)

John Donne Biography

John Donne—English poet, Anglican (Church of England) minister, and public speaker—is ranked with John Milton (1608–1674) as one of the greatest English poets. He was also a gifted artist in sermons and devotional writing.

Donne's youth

The son of a prosperous ironmonger (a person who sells iron or objects made from iron) of Welsh ancestry, John Donne was born in London, England, between January 4 and June 19 (the exact day is unknown), 1572, and was raised a Londoner and a Roman Catholic. His mother, Elizabeth, a great niece of Sir (later Saint) Thomas More (1477–1535), came from a cultured, devout family: her father, John Heywood, wrote interludes (short plays that are put on during breaks in other entertainment); her brother Jasper was a Jesuit (a person who belongs to a Roman Catholic religious group called the Society of Jesus whose members are concerned with spreading their religious message and teaching); and her son Henry, John's brother, died in 1593 of a fever caught in Newgate Prison, where he was imprisoned for sheltering a Roman Catholic priest. Donne's father died when John was four, and his mother married a well-known physician. Donne was educated at home by Roman Catholic tutors until he was twelve years old. John and his brother Henry were then admitted to Oxford University, where he spent approximately three years.

Donne's poetry

After some years at Oxford (from 1584) and possibly Cambridge, Donne studied law at Lincoln's Inn from 1592 to 1594. It was also in the 1590s that he wrote many of his love poems. He also composed poetic letters, funeral songs, and witty remarks, which were published after his death as Songs and Sonnets.

Donne took part in the Earl of Essex's crusades against the Spanish in Cadiz, Spain, and the Azores in 1596 and 1597 and wrote about this military experience in his poems "The Storm" and "The Calm." By 1598, when he became secretary to Sir Thomas Egerton, he left the Roman Catholic Church. In 1601 he ruined the promise of a successful career by secretly marrying Lady Egerton's niece, Ann More, a union not approved by More's father. He was dismissed from his post and temporarily imprisoned, and for about a decade he and his growing family were largely dependent on relatives and patrons.

During this middle period Donne wrote Biathanatos, which was published after his death by his son in 1646. His Pseudo-Martyr (1610) accused Roman Catholics of promoting false martyrdom (when a person or a group of people suffer or are killed for the sake of their religion) for financial gain. Ignatius His Conclave (1611) was popular in both English and Latin versions: it brilliantly mocks the Jesuits but is interesting today because it reflects the new astronomy of Galileo (1564–1642) and toys with the notion of colonizing the moon.

Donne continued to write worldly poems and, about 1609 or 1610, he produced a powerful series of "Holy Sonnets," in which he reflected on sickness, death, sin, and the love of God. In 1611 he composed two companion poems, which honored the death of little Elizabeth Drury and won him the support of her father, with whom Donne traveled to France and Germany. He briefly served as a member of Parliament in 1601 and again in 1614.

Church career

In 1615 Donne was ordained (to be officially installed as a member of the clergy in the church) a priest. Selected a royal chaplain (a member of the clergy who is chosen to carry out religious duties and services for the royal court) in the same year, he also received a doctor of divinity (the study of religion) degree from Cambridge. From 1616 to 1622 he was reader in divinity at Lincoln's Inn, where he preached regularly. He was widowed in 1617 by the death of his wife: she had borne him twelve children, five of whom died. He preached frequently at court and in 1619 was an embassy chaplain in Germany. In 1621, on James I's (1566–1625) selection, he became dean of St. Paul's Cathedral, attracting huge congregations with his brilliant public speaking. A serious illness in 1623 inspired his Devotions, which are moving meditations on sickness, death, and salvation.

On February 25, 1631, Donne left his sickbed to preach his last and most famous sermon, "Death's Duel." On March 31, 1631, he died. A statue of him wrapped in funeral shrouds is preserved at St. Paul's Cathedral. The figure is that of an old, seasoned man who has thought and suffered greatly but has achieved some peace of mind.

Donne's character

Donne's was a complex personality, an unusual blend of passion, zeal, and brilliance; God and women were his favorite themes, but his subject otherwise ranged over the pagan (people who do not worship the Christian God) and the religious, the familiar and the unclear, the sarcastic and the sincere, the wittily bright and the religiously wise.

Largely because of Izaak Walton's (1593–1683) charming but somewhat unreliable Life of Dr. John Donne (1681) and because of the risqué elements in Donne's worldly poetry, a myth grew up contrasting his younger days as an attractive conversationalist and socialite with his older, more religious and devout self. His works reveal that he was always a serious student and a seeker after truth; and there is no sound evidence to support the myth. Certainly after his ordination he dedicated his remarkable genius wholeheartedly to the service of God and thus became one of the most brilliant stars of the Anglican priests, whose exceptional literary genius was dedicated to the glory of God and the welfare of man.

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