Medical Terminology

Treatment for H. pylori infection typically involves a combination of medications known as triple therapy or quadruple therapy. Triple therapy consists of a proton pump inhibitor (PPI) and two antibiotics, while quadruple therapy includes a PPI, bismuth subsalicylate, and two antibiotics. Treatment duration is usually 10 to 14 days, and follow-up testing may be recommended to confirm eradication of the infection. Lifestyle modifications and consultation with a healthcare professional are also important aspects of managing H. pylori infection.

What is an H. pylori infection?
Class: "Campylobacteria"
Family: Helicobacteraceae
Genus: Helicobacter
Order: Campylobacterales
Phylum: Campylobacterota

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) are bacteria that can cause an infection in the stomach or duodenum (first part of the small intestine). It’s the most common cause of peptic ulcer disease. H. pylori can also inflame and irritate the stomach lining (gastritis). Untreated, long-term H. pylori infection can lead to stomach cancer (rarely).

Can H. pylori spread from person to person?
Yes, H. pylori can spread from person to person. H. pylori are found in saliva, plaque on teeth and p**p. Infection can be spread through kissing and by transferring the bacteria from the hands of those who have not thoroughly washed them after a bowel movement.
Scientists think H. pylori also might be spread through H. pylori-contaminated water and food

What’s the association between H. pylori infection and stomach cancer?

If you have an H. pylori infection, you have an increased risk for stomach cancer later in life. If you have a strong family history of stomach cancer and other cancer risk factors, even though you may not have symptoms of a stomach ulcer, your healthcare provider may recommend being tested for H. pylori antibodies. In addition to screening and treatment, your provider may suggest some lifestyle changes, such as including more fruits, vegetables and fiber in your diet. Regular checkups with your provider and following their recommendations can reduce your cancer risk.

What are the symptoms of H. pylori infection?

Most children with H. pylori infection don’t have symptoms. Only about 20% do.

Symptoms and signs, if present, are those that arise from gastritis or peptic ulcer and include:

Dull or burning pain in your stomach (more often a few hours after eating and at night). Your pain may last minutes to hours and may come and go over several days to weeks.
Unplanned weight loss.
Bloating.
Nausea and vomiting (bloody vomit).
Indigestion (dyspepsia).
Burping.
Loss of appetite.
Dark stools (from blood in your stool).

H.pylori bacteria
Barry Marshall was convinced that the Helicobacter pylori bacteria caused stomach ulcers, but no one believed him.

Since it was illegal to test his theory on humans, he drank the bacteria himself and developed ulcers within days.

He treated them with antibiotics and we on to win a Nobel prize in 2005.

Symptoms of DVT and PE

🚑 Sudden Cardiac Death Causes 🚑

1️⃣ Aortic Troubles:
•Aortic Rupture
•Aortic Dissection
•Marfan's Syndrome

2️⃣ Electrical:
•Brugada Syndrome
•Long QT Syndrome
•Short QT Syndrome
•CPVT
•WPW

3️⃣ Valvular:
•Aortic Stenosis
•Mitral Valve Prolapse

4️⃣ Coronary:
•CAD (Coronary Artery Disease)
•Coronary Artery Anomalies

5️⃣ Muscle:
•HCM (Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy)
•ARVC (Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy)
•DCM (Dilated Cardiomyopathy)
•Myocarditis
•Left Ventricular Non-Compaction

6️⃣ Miscellaneous:
•Electrolyte Abnormalities
•Commotio Cordis
•Drugs (illicit and prescribed)

Thank you RCP Journal for your content!

https://www.rcpjournals.org/content

Stress reducing foods

How to Get Rid of GERD (+ 6 Natural Remedies!)

If you’ve been battling with reflux for a long time, or if you’ve recently been diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), you may be wondering how to get rid of GERD. And that’s only understandable. After all, GERD causes irritation and discomfort—and it can even lead to more serious conditions down the line. But in order to learn how to get rid of GERD, you must first understand how and why it’s occurring.
You may have heard that low stomach acid is actually the primary cause of GERD. But what you may not know is that stress is the actual leading cause of low stomach acid. That’s right—believe it or not, stress is more closely tied to GERD than even your diet!

What Is GERD?

Gastroesophageal reflux disease.
GERD occurs because acid is chronically regurgitating into the esophagus, resulting in damage to the esophageal tissue and causing irritation over time. This regurgitation eventually causes inflammation of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. But before it reaches the point of GERD, it starts with something you’re probably familiar with: heartburn.
Most likely, you have experienced heartburn at some point in your life. Maybe you ate a large meal and felt a burning sensation behind your breastbone. Or perhaps you experienced the usual heartburn symptoms while pregnant, when that adorable little ball of joy pressed against your stomach, propelling acid upward.
It’s not abnormal to notice small situation-based reflux symptoms occasionally. If you can determine the cause, such as that large meal or pregnancy, then you can simply avoid those situations (or wait them out, such as with pregnancy) and simultaneously avoid the symptoms.

Stomach Acid and GERD

Stomach acid is critical to your digestion. It kicks off the breakdown of your food so you can absorb nutrients. In order to protect your body from the drastic impact of acid on other tissues outside of the stomach (which has a lining equipped to handle low pH), the stomach has a door to seal itself off from the esophagus to avoid regurgitation.
The esophagus (the “food pipe”) connects to the stomach by a flap (called the esophageal sphincter), which acts like a trap door. If that door does not seal properly, the contents of the stomach can leak back upward into the esophagus.
You may have been told that GERD is strictly caused by too much acid in your stomach and that the solution is to suppress acid via medications and avoid certain foods that trigger acid release.
Doctors often advise postural changes (such as raising the head bed of your bed when sleeping) to keep the acid from flowing upward, as well as diet and lifestyle changes to reduce stomach acid secretion (eating less spicy food, for example).
While all of these suggestions may relieve the severity of the symptom, they don’t address what I find to be the most common cause of GERD: low stomach acid secretion. And by suppressing acid secretion further with medications, you can put your body at significant risk for side effects due to malabsorption.

Causes of GERD

In the general medical community, acid reflux is usually assumed to be linked to overproduction or spilling of stomach acid upward into the esophagus. And in some cases, this may be correct.
For example, if there is a structural abnormality like a hiatal hernia (which physically pushes up on the stomach, causing the “trap door” to remain open and spill acid upward), or a medical condition that results in increased secretion of HCl (hydrochloric acid). However, I find excess secretion of HCl to be true in only a small number of cases.
Finding the cause of this digestive slowing is the key to a long-term solution. The big question is why did the “door” malfunction in the first place?
Low stomach acid, or hypochlorhydria, results in a variety of symptoms. The most common symptom is feeling “full” or bloated 30 minutes or more after eating. In a normal functioning digestive system, acid is triggered to start breaking food down the minute it lands in your stomach—so that “fullness” should reduce significantly over the next hour after a meal.
If that food is still “sitting there,” then it is quite possible that your stomach acid is not breaking down food appropriately. If working properly, stomach acid is also involved in breaking down proteins into useful amino acids. It’s also believed to be directly involved in the processes of breaking down vitamin B12 and folate, iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper.
Without vitamin B12, you cannot metabolize food into energy, maintain red blood cells or produce DNA and RNA effectively, nor can you maintain nerve cells. This all results in fatigue, numbness, tingling, anemia, and poor memory. Lack of iron absorption leads to the same symptomology. Amino acids are involved in multiple systems and are critical for your health, including balancing your mood.
Stomach acid is also involved in maintaining your proper bacterial flora by killing off bacteria that are not helpful to your system. This natural mechanism helps us avoid bacterial infections and low stomach acid is a large contributor to bacterial imbalances, such as small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and pneumonia.
So, before you grab that little purple pill to combat your GERD, consider the impact suppressing acid will have on the rest of your health. The side effects from antacids include dementia, osteoporosis, B12 deficiency, kidney disease, depression, neurological symptoms, chronic infections such as Clostridum difficile (C. diff) and community-acquired pneumonia, muscle pains, and heart rhythm complications. All of these side effects result in more medication use and therefore even further potential complications.

How Stress Causes GERD

Of course, the number one cause of low stomach acid is the use of antacid medication, particularly proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). If you are blocking acid secretion with these medications, then your digestion cannot function as it was intended to and side effects will occur.
In my experience, outside of the use of these medications, stress is at the top of the list of hypochlorydia causes. stress can cause heartburn and regurgitation due to its impact on your nervous system.
Stomach acid is released by the parasympathetic system (PNS), which also signals the esophageal sphincter (that trap door) to close. The PNS is also called the “rest and digest” system—and with good reason. When your body is under stress, it switches focus from the PNS to the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), which is responsible for managing acute stress.
When your body focuses on your SNS, digestive processes slow. This results in less acid secretion, regardless of food intake.
The art of preparing and slowly enjoying a meal is actually a trigger for proper stomach acid release. Eating in a hurry when under stress does not have the same favorable impact on your digestion. This decreased acid secretion causes your food to remain in your stomach longer. This causes your stomach to stretch, which can impact the efficacy of the “trap door” and may cause regurgitation into your esophagus.
Certain medical conditions also correlate with low stomach acid secretion, including, but not limited to autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Graves’ disease, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, vitiligo, multiple sclerosis, celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, and Addison’s disease.
In addition, many commonly used medications also suppress the release of stomach acid, including many antidepressants, anti-anxiety sedatives, osteoporosis medications, a number of antibiotics, NSAIDs (Advil, Motrin), opioid narcotics, blood pressure medications, and anti-nausea medications. Considering these are very commonly prescribed medications, it isn’t surprising that acid-suppressing medications are so commonly prescribed?

Symptoms of GERD

Despite what most people think, GERD does not always cause heartburn. In fact, you may be surprised to learn that it can also cause symptoms such as chronicallergies, acute and chronic cough, or irritation/mucus in your throat. So, what you think may be an allergy or a virus may actually be a digestive issue!
You may notice some other symptoms that have been treated as a nerve, psychiatric, rheumatological, or endocrine condition is actually related to your gut health. In fact, thyroidconditions, diabetes, and hormonal imbalances can all be affected by digestive issues—or even caused by a digestive condition.
Some of the primary symptoms of GERD include:

Reduced vitamin and mineral absorption, such as iron and B12 (which are highly dependent on stomach acid),

Poor protein digestion

SIBO, due to lack of sterilization

Feeling of fullness

Bloating

Constipation or diarrhea

Flatulence and burping

Nausea and upset stomach

Burning in the stomach or esophagus

Chronic or persisting cough

Excessive mucus or allergic symptoms

Other GERD symptoms may include:

Weak fingernails

Dilated capillaries on your nose

Undigested food in your stool.

As a result of low stomach acid, secondary symptoms develop from the lack of proper absorption of vitamins and minerals as well as an overgrowth of bacteria. These may include depression, insomnia, poor energy, migraines, skin conditions (such as eczema, psoriasis, hives, acne, and rosacea), asthma, food allergies and intolerances, hair loss, SIBO, and cancer development. Many of these “symptoms” are also health conditions that often require medications that also slow down digestion, so the vicious cycle continues.

How to Get Rid of GERD

Lifestyle and Dietary Changes

There’s not necessarily a list of foods that help GERD. That said, eating a plant-based diet is always a healthy choice. It helps improve overall health by reducing inflammation and providing the body with the nutrients it needs to avoid disease development.
While there may not be specific foods to improve GERD, there are certain foods that can trigger reflux. These foods tend to cause irritation to the esophagus. Foods to avoid while you seek the root cause of your reflux include:

Alcohol

Chocolate

Coffee

Citrus fruits

Mint

Tomatoes and tomato products

Garlic

Onions

Sodas and other carbonated beverages

Fried foods

Spicy foods

If you are overweight, taking steps to lose weight may also help improve GERD symptoms, as it takes physical pressure off the esophageal sphincter.
In addition to eating a plant-based diet, limiting sugar, and cutting out processed foods, you may want to try introducing some daily exercise into your routine. Some exercises that you might want to consider include walking, biking, and swimming. Exercise can stimulate digestion as well as provide you with better energy, relieve stress, assist in healthy weight management, and improve your mood.

6 Natural Remedies for GERD Symptoms

If you’re trying to figure out how to get rid of GERD symptoms, here are a few natural remedies for GERD that you may also want to try.

Digestive enzymes

Digestive enzymes provide acid and assist the food in moving through the digestive system. Either use apple cider vinegar or choose high-quality digestive enzymes with added betaine or HCL, if tolerated.
In many cases, a capsule with enzymes containing betaine HCL and ox bile works even better than the dietary apple cider vinegar.

Aloe vera juice

Research has shown that aloe vera can help to soothe and eliminate GERD symptoms by reducing inflammation in the digestive tract. Drink 1/4 cup aloe vera juice three times daily, between meals to help repair the digestive tract.

Glutamine

One of the most essential components to healing the inflamed gut is an amino acid called glutamine, which is an anti-inflammatory and promotes regeneration of digestive cells to repair damage.
For intestinal repair, take glutamine in small amounts, typically 3–4 grams per dose, one to two times daily. All products formulated to repair the gut barrier will include glutamine in their formulation. Many of the products will add in herbs that have an anti-inflammatory component as well, such as slippery elm, marshmallow root, deglycyrrhized licorice (DGL), MSM, curcumin, and aloe vera.

Probiotics

Research has shown that probiotics can help improve gut health in individuals suffering from GERD. As with other supplements, consult with your healthcare provider before taking probiotics for GERD. Not all probiotics are created equal.

Relaxation

* A Crash Course in Vitamins and Minerals

The nutrients your body needs to remain healthy are broken into two categories: vitamins and minerals. And all vitamins and minerals fall into one of two categories: water soluble and fat soluble.

Fat-soluble nutrients are harder for your body to break down, so they have a higher risk of causing toxicity in your body. Alternatively, if you consume too many water-soluble nutrients, they will simply be eliminated through your urine and have a low risk of causing an overdose. Water-soluble vitamins include all of the B vitamins, vitamin C, and most minerals. (Note: Some minerals, such as iron, are water soluble but can cause toxicity. So, be sure to discuss any new supplements with your physician.) Fat-soluble vitamins include vitamins A, D, E, and K.

Your body utilizes each of these vitamins and minerals to cause a physiological response, such as releasing estrogen or stimulating your thyroid. Here’s where a problem can arise: Your body can’t effectively make hormones, for example, without adequate amounts of vitamins and minerals. So, when you’re nutrient deficient, your body will adapt and divert nutrients to where they are needed most. This is exactly what happens in times of stress. When you’re faced with a stressful situation, the nutrients you have on hand are utilized to deal with the stress, leaving your hormone production behind to struggle. The result? You begin to develop hormone-related symptoms.

So, let’s use your thyroid as an example. Your thyroid requires the mineral iodine to function. But if your body is lacking in iodine, it will either will find an alternative for energy production in place of your thyroid or it will shut down the function of your thyroid altogether! In fact, numerous studies have shown that an iodine deficiency has been linked to an increased likelihood of developing thyroid disorders.

Alternatively, your body could pull iodine from another place within your body (if its available) to resume thyroid production, or it could simply shift focus and start a different process in your body. Remember, your body is like a map—containing many “routes” full of freeways and overpasses and exits. Any detour on the road will still get you to the same destination; it may take an alternate route to get there. Your body is no different!

Pancreatic diseases

What is pre-eclampsia?
Pre-eclampsia is a serious condition during pregnancy. The exact cause of preeclampsia is thought to begin in the placenta. During early pregnancy, new blood vessels develop to supply oxygen and nutrients to the placenta. With preeclampsia, these blood vessels do not develop properly, leading to the irregular regulation of blood pressure in the mother and impaired oxygen and nutrient supply to the baby. When the blood supply to the placenta is inadequate, certain substances are released into mother's bloodstream, causing systemic complications, e.g. narrowing of the cerebral vessels, blurred vision and liver failure. If it is left untreated, preeclampsia might potentially result in fatal consequence. It is crucial for pregnant women to pay attention to 8 warning signs of preeclampsia. If any of these arises, immediate medical attention provided by an obstetrician and gynecologist must be sought.

What is Bronchiectasis..

Monkeypox

Liver warning signs

What is cystic fibrosis?

There are different benefits to eating bananas at various stages of ripenesses.

WHAT HAPPENS WHEN YOUR HEART ❤ SKIPS A BEAT.
Irregular heartbeat or arrhythmias can be experienced by people of all ages. Common triggers can be but not limited to cardiovascular disease, thyroid disease, lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Certain types of arrhythmia occur in people with severe heart conditions, and can cause sudden cardiac death. Some of these deaths could be avoided if the arrhythmias were diagnosed earlier.

Dr. Yossavee Ukkayagorn, a cardiologist specialized in cardiac electrophysiology informs that “Arrhythmias are found in 70% of patients with coronary artery disease.

What are arrhythmias?
Arrhythmias or irregular heartbeats occur when the electrical impulses that coordinate your heartbeats do not work properly. These can be problems sending out electrical signals, blocked signals, or both. Arrhythmias can be classified as below.
Slow heartbeat or bradycardia: a resting heart rate less than 60 beats a minute.
Fast heartbeat or tachycardia: a resting heart rate greater than 100 beats a minute.
Irregular heartbeat: flutter or fibrillation

Causes:
Causes that lead to arrhythmias are as below.
- Cardiovascular disease: coronary artery disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, hypertension, and valvular heart disease
- Underlying disease: thyroid disease, diabetes, obesity, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea
- Cold medicine that contained pseudoephedrine – can increase heart rate
- Caffeinated drinks: tea, coffee, soft drinks, energy drinks, and alcoholic drinks
- Drug abuse: amphetamine
- Medication that assist weight loss – contained sibutramine
- Genetic

Symptoms
Seek urgent medical care if you suddenly or frequently experience any of these symptoms.
* A fluttering in your chest
* Fainting or syncope
* Lightheadedness or dizziness
* Shortness of breath
* Chest pain
* Fatigue
* Cannot lie flat in bed

Diagnosis
To diagnose a heart arrhythmia, a specialist will review your symptoms and medical history, conduct a physical examination, and may perform heart monitoring tests include:
* Electrocardiogram (ECG) – suitable for patients who have symptoms all the time.
* Holter monitoring 24-28 hours – suitable for patients who have symptoms only for a short period or at specific time of the day
* Event recorder – If your symptoms do not happen often, your doctor may suggest you wear one of these, usually for about a month. This is a device that, when you push a button, will record and store your heart’s electrical activity for a few minutes.
* Implantable loop recorder – detects abnormal heart rhythms and is implanted under the skin in the chest area.
* EP study – Doctor uses this test when other tests cannot detect the abnormal electrical activity.

Prevention
Exercise regularly – 45 minutes per day, 3-5 days a week
Eat heart healthy food – rich in fruits and vegetables
Eat a healthy diet that is less in sugar, low in salt and solid fats
Get enough sleep – 6-8 hours a day
Annual physical examination
If you have an underlying disease, have a regular follow up with your doctor.

Everything you need to know about Pneumonia..

What is Chiari Frommel Syndrome?