Esther N. Phahla, CPA, A Professional Corporation

Newlyweds Have Special Tax Considerations – Did You Know?

If you get married in 2024, you may need to update your tax planning and report new information to the IRS and Social Security Administration (SSA). In particular, newly married couples should:

- Report any name changes to the SSA and get a new Social Security Card (link below)
- Report any address changes to the IRS and the U.S. Postal Service
- Recheck their paycheck withholding and/or estimated tax payment amounts. Marriage can affect your tax rate, as well as your deductions and credits. You can use the IRS Withholding Calculator (link below) to make sure you are staying on track.

One of the biggest tax decisions you will need to make as a newly married couple is whether to file separate returns or file jointly. A tax professional can help you determine which status is most advantageous for you.

Social Security Administration: https://www.ssa.gov/myaccount/
IRS Withholding Estimator: https://apps.irs.gov/app/tax-withholding-estimator

Summer Jobs - Did You Know?

If you're currently working at a summer job or know a teen or student who is, here is a useful tax-saving tip:

Students and teenage employees normally have taxes withheld from their paychecks by their employer after filling out a Form W-4.

However, if the job is regarded as self-employment, like baby-sitting or lawn care can be, they should keep good records of all expenses to help maximize potential deductions.

In the case of lawn care, potential deductible expenses may include: business cards, fliers, fuel, equipment rentals, chemicals, work mileage, etc.

Summer Home Upgrades and Kids' Activities May Bring Tax Benefits – Did You Know?

Some projects and activities that people typically undertake in summer may qualify for 2024 tax credits. For example, upgrades to keep your home cool and comfortable may be eligible for clean energy or energy efficiency credits. Examples of potentially qualifying improvements include Energy Star-rated windows and doors, solar-powered water heaters, and new central air conditioning units or ventilation systems. More information about these programs may be found on the IRS Home Energy Tax Credits webpage (link below).

In addition, if your children attend summer camps, day camps or childcare programs so that you can work, the Child and Dependent Care Credit may enable you to reclaim some of the cost. A tax professional can help you determine whether you qualify for these or other tax-saving programs, and if so, help you properly document expenses to preserve your eligibility.

Home Energy Credits: https://www.irs.gov/credits-deductions/home-energy-tax-credits

Overseas Tax Filing & Quarterly Installment Deadlines

If you are a U.S Citizen or Green Card Holder living abroad and have not filed your taxes yet, the deadline is coming up on Monday, June 17th, 2024.

If you are making quarterly estimated tax payments to the IRS, the due date for the April 1 – May 31 quarter of the year is also June 17th.

For payments made using IRS Direct Pay, you can make payments until 11:45PM EST, and for payments using a credit or debit card, payments can be made up to midnight on the due date.

Letters from the IRS - Did You Know?

If the IRS needs to contact a taxpayer, the agency will generally send a letter in the mail rather than emailing or calling. Taxpayers may receive IRS letters for many reasons, including:

- The taxpayer owes tax and did not pay it with their return or set up a payment plan.
- The IRS has a question about a tax return or needs more information to process it.
- The IRS has made an adjustment to a tax return or refund amount.
- The IRS needs to verify a taxpayer's identity.

If you receive an IRS letter in the mail, do not ignore it, but also do not panic. Some IRS notices do not require the taxpayer to take any action, while others advise the taxpayer of an issue that can be readily resolved. In many cases, you will not need to respond to the letter. For example, if an IRS notice simply informs you of a minor change made to your return or your refund amount, you can just file it with your tax records for future reference.

However, if the letter asks you to provide the IRS with additional information, you should respond as quickly as possible. Pay special attention to whether the notice includes a deadline to respond. Taxpayers who fail to reply to an IRS letter by a specified deadline may face penalties or forfeit their appeal rights.

You have the right to appeal any IRS decision about your tax return or the amount of tax you owe. If you do not understand an IRS notice or believe the IRS has made an error, a tax professional can help you figure out the situation and plan your next steps.

National 529 Day - Did You Know?

If you put money in a 529 account for education, withdrawal of earnings are tax-free if used for qualified educational expenses. Qualified educational expenses include tuition, fees, housing, meals and books. Many states offer a full or partial tax deduction for 529 plan contributions. They may also offer incentives and promotions to encourage families to open and contribute to 529 accounts today on National 529 Day.

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA) also expanded eligibility for 529 savings plans. Up to $10,000 per year may be used for Kindergarten through Grade 12 education (public, private, or religious schools).

U.S. Citizens and Residents Living Abroad - Did You Know?

Generally, U.S. citizens and resident aliens must pay federal tax on their worldwide income, including income received while living outside the country. Even those who qualify to exclude foreign earned income for tax purposes, or to claim a credit for taxes paid to other countries to offset their U.S. tax liability, generally must still file a federal tax return.

People living abroad typically qualify for an automatic two-month extension to file, meaning that they may file their 2023 federal tax returns anytime through June 17, 2024. However, this extension applies only to filing, NOT to taxes owed. The IRS will generally add interest charges to any tax amounts not paid by the standard April filing deadline.

Remember also that if you own or control financial accounts based outside the U.S., you may need to report not only the income from those accounts, but also the account balances on your tax return. You may also have to file a special Foreign Bank Accounts Report (FBAR) form. You cannot include the FBAR with your tax return, as it must be filed with a different treasury department than the IRS. A tax professional can help you file your tax return and all other required reporting forms by the appropriate deadlines electronically, to ensure rapid processing.

Clean Vehicle Credit Dealer Transfer – Did You Know?

As of January 1, 2024, people who buy or lease cars or trucks that qualify for the Clean Vehicle Credit (CVC) may transfer the credit to an eligible seller (usually a dealership). The transferred credit may be used as a down payment, or exchanged for a reduction in the vehicle price. Eligible vehicles include many fully electric cars and trucks (EVs), plug-in hybrids (PHEVs) and vehicles powered by fuel cells.

To transfer the credit, you must present a government-issued photo ID, and provide the seller with information including your current address and valid taxpayer ID number. You will also need to sign a certification of eligibility for the CVC, along with pledges to file a 2024 tax return and to use the vehicle primarily for personal (not business) purposes within the U.S.

In turn, the dealer must certify that the vehicle meets IRS standards for the CVC, and provide you with documentation of the date of sale, selling price and other vehicle information. Store these documents securely, as you will need to refer to them when filing your federal tax return for 2024. A tax professional can help you determine whether transferring a CVC to the vehicle seller would make sense for you.

Unclaimed 2020 IRS Refunds Deadline – Did You Know?

The IRS has issued a reminder that time is running out to claim your 2020 tax refund if you did not file a 2020 federal return. The deadline to file a 2020 IRS return and claim your refund is May 17, 2024. Filing a missed 2020 return may also qualify for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), Recovery Rebate Credit or other credits if you meet the requirements.

Unclaimed IRS refunds refer to money that is owed to taxpayers by the IRS but has not been claimed. This can happen for a variety of reasons, such as incorrect mailing addresses, changes in phone numbers, or simply overlooking the refund.

By law, there is a limited three year window to claim a refund. After that date, unclaimed 2020 federal tax refunds will become the property of the U.S. Treasury.

Amended Tax Returns – Did You Know?

After filing their tax returns, people may sometimes realize that they made a mistake like missing a deduction, adding incorrectly or choosing the wrong filing status. In some cases, fixing the mistake may require filing an amended return that shows both the originally reported figures and the corrected ones. However, for some errors, filing an amended return is not necessary.

For example, if you made a minor math mistake on your return, IRS personnel will generally just fix the error and send you a notice explaining any resulting change to your refund or tax due. Similarly, if you neglected to include a required form with your return, the IRS will typically just send you a letter requesting that form. In these cases, filing an amended return would actually only cause confusion and further delay the processing of your refund.

For other mistakes, you can use the IRS "Should I File an Amended Return?" tool (link below) to determine whether filing an amended return is required. If you just want to check the status of your return and/or refund, you can use the "Where's My Refund?" tool.

Should I File An Amended Return? https://www.irs.gov/help/ita/should-i-file-an-amended-return

Where's My Refund? https://www.irs.gov/wheres-my-refund

Tax Refund Myths and Realities – Did You Know? (1/2)

Taxpayers who are owed a 2023 tax refund naturally want to know how quickly that refund will come. Unfortunately, a lot of myths and half-truths about IRS refunds circulate online, giving people false expectations or leading them to waste time on unnecessary steps. Here are two key facts you need to know to avoid falling for the rumors.

- Calling the IRS will generally not yield more information about your refund. You can get the most up-to-date information about your refund status nearly around the clock by using the online Where's My Refund tool (link below) or by calling the automated refund hotline at 800-829-1954.

- The Where's My Refund Tool cannot always give a refund date. Some taxpayers may believe something is wrong if this tool does not display a mailing or deposit date for their refunds. Although the IRS issues many refunds within 21 days, some returns take longer to process. You will get a refund date once the IRS finishes reviewing your return.

IRS Where's My Refund tool: https://www.irs.gov/refunds

Filing Extensions and Minimizing Penalties – Did You Know?

Taxpayers who request an extension to file their 2023 federal income tax returns have until October 15th, 2024. However, an IRS extension is only an extension to file tax returns, NOT an extension to pay any tax owed. Taxes not paid by the April 15th payment deadline may be subject to late penalties and interest charges.

Electronic payments may be made using the IRS online payment portal (link below). The IRS urges those who cannot pay what they owe at this time to pay whatever amount they can, and then apply for an installment plan to pay off the remaining balance.

If you are required to file, you should still file your taxes, even if you can't pay, as the failure-to-file penalty may be 10 times more than the failure-to-pay penalty.

IRS Online Payment Portal: https://www.irs.gov/payments

Tax Filing Misinformation and Scams – Did You Know?

Every filing season, the IRS sees a surge in tax-related scams, including widespread circulation of false statements about tax laws and refunds across the internet. Several currently trending myths encourage people to file IRS forms with bogus information, setting up unsuspecting readers to face IRS, civil or even criminal penalties.

For example, scammers recommend using software to fill out extra W-2 (Wage and Tax Statement) forms, with false income and withholding figures attributed to made-up employers. Other scams involve inventing fictitious household employees, then claiming that those employees were paid substantial medical leave benefits. The promoters of these fraudulent practices claim people can use the schemes to "legally" obtain large IRS refunds.

In reality, IRS personnel carefully check W-2s and other tax forms against information reported by employers and other entities and individuals. Submitting false documents to the IRS can trigger very serious consequences, even if the person who filed the forms believed they were following legitimate advice. To avoid getting lured in by scammers, seek tax guidance only from a trusted tax professional.

Tax Filing & Quarterly Installment Deadline on April 15

The tax filing and payment deadline is coming up on April 15, 2024 (April 17 in Maine and Massachusetts). Note, however, that some residents of regions affected by federally declared disasters have extended deadlines to pay their 2023 taxes. Check the IRS Disaster Relief page (link below) to see if you qualify for an extension.

If you are required to make quarterly installments, the first payments for the January 1 – March 31 quarter are also due on April 15th.

IRS Disaster Tax Relief Info: https://www.irs.gov/newsroom/tax-relief-in-disaster-situations

Tax Saving Opportunities for New Parents

If you welcomed a new child into your household in 2023, then you may qualify for one or more valuable tax credits that could significantly reduce your tax or increase your refund. In order to claim these benefits, you generally must first obtain a taxpayer ID number for your child. For most credits, that number must be a Social Security number (SSN), but in some cases you can use an individual taxpayer ID number (ITIN) or adoption taxpayer ID number (ATIN) instead.

Many people with children qualify for a Child Tax Credit (CTC) of up to $2,000 per child, of which up to $1,600 may be refundable as the Additional Child Tax Credit. Meanwhile, the fully refundable Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) has significantly higher maximum credit amounts and income limits for people with children than for those with no children.

If you paid child care expenses in 2023 so that you could work or seek work, you may also be eligible for the nonrefundable Child and Dependent Care Credit. Other nonrefundable credits available to qualifying parents include the Credit for Other Dependents and the Adoption Tax Credit. A tax professional can help you find and claim all the tax benefits you qualify for, and file your return electronically to get your refund as quickly as possible.

IRS Online Account Setup Scams – Did You Know?

Each year, the IRS issues a list of the most prevalent scams that put taxpayers' identities and hard-earned money at risk. Some dangerous scams relate to IRS online accounts. Many taxpayers find that setting up an online account helps them stay on top of their taxes and make better planning decisions. Unfortunately, this IRS service has also drawn the attention of digital scammers.

In one common scheme, the scammer contacts a taxpayer, posing as a representative of a supposedly helpful service for people with limited computer skills. The scammer offers to help the taxpayer set up an online IRS account, asking for sensitive information like the taxpayer's address, photo ID, and Social Security number (SSN) or Individual Taxpayer Identification number (ITIN). The scammer then sells this information to criminals, who use it for tax fraud and other forms of identity theft.

The IRS warns taxpayers that ANY such offer is a scam. Most people can readily set up their own IRS online accounts by following the instructions at irs.gov. If you do need help, only seek it from a trusted person, like a family member or tax professional.

IRS Online Account: https://www.irs.gov/payments/your-online-account.

IRS Third Party Authorizations – Did You Know?

All U.S. taxpayers have the right to designate a third party to work with the IRS on their behalf. In order to exercise this right, taxpayers must formally grant permission to the third party to represent them. This authorization may take several different forms:

Oral Disclosure: This level of permission simply authorizes the IRS to share the taxpayer's tax information with another person present on a phone call or in a meeting.

Third-party Designee: On their tax returns, taxpayers may designate a third party to discuss the return with the IRS. This authorization is limited to that specific return and year.

Tax Information Authorization: Taxpayers may appoint a third party to receive and review their confidential tax information for a specific type of tax for a designated time period.

Power Of Attorney: This designation authorizes a person or firm to represent the taxpayer in federal tax matters. The person or firm must be certified to practice before the IRS.

Oral disclosure and third-party designee permissions expire automatically. Taxpayers have the right to revoke tax information or power of attorney authorizations at any time, either by notifying the IRS of the revocation, or simply by appointing a new representative.

Reducing Fees & Penalties - Did You Know?

If you are required to file your taxes, you should still file, even if you can't pay, as the failure-to-file penalty may be 10 times more than the failure-to-pay penalty. If you are unable to pay in full, try to file your tax return by the deadline of April 15th, 2024 and pay as much as you can. The IRS also has Installment Payment Plans available that you may qualify for.

In addition, April 15th is also the due date for Tax Year 2024 first quarter estimated tax payments for those making estimated payments.

Taxpayer Bill of Rights - Did You Know?

As a taxpayer, you have a set of ten fundamental rights that the IRS is obligated to protect:

1. The Right to be Informed.
2. The Right to Quality Service.
3. The Right to Pay No More Than the Correct Amount of Tax.
4. The Right to Challenge the IRS's Position and Be Heard.
5. The Right to Appeal an IRS Decision in an Independent Forum.
6. The Right to Finality.
7. The Right to Privacy.
8. The Right to Confidentiality.
9. The Right to Retain Representation.
10. The Right to a Fair and Just Tax System.

The Taxpayer Bill of Rights ensures that the IRS must fairly review any objections a taxpayer raises to an IRS decision. Before objecting to an IRS letter, taxpayers should remember that tax refunds may also be adjusted for a variety of non-tax reasons, such as past-due child support. If you feel strongly that an IRS adjustment to your tax return is incorrect or unfair, a tax professional can review your return with you to determine whether you may have a basis for appealing the decision.

More information can be found in IRS Publication 1: Your Rights as a Taxpayer, available here: https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-pdf/p1.pdf.

Tax Debt Settlement Scams – Did You Know?

When a taxpayer owes more tax than they can pay without extreme hardship, the IRS sometimes accepts an offer-in-compromise (OIC). Under an OIC agreement, the taxpayer may settle their tax debt for less than the full amount owed.

However, the IRS warns taxpayers to watch out for "OIC mills," agencies that churn out stacks of OIC applications, costing the taxpayers they supposedly represent thousands of dollars. Many of these agencies make unrealistic claims in radio, TV and internet ads about settling tax debts for "pennies on the dollar." Often, a taxpayer gets talked into paying an OIC mill to file an application that the agency knows will be rejected, because the taxpayer does not qualify for the OIC program. Even when the IRS accepts an application from an OIC mill, the excessive fees charged by the agency may still cause the taxpayer financial harm.

If you are considering an OIC to settle your tax bills, do not believe the hype. You may check your eligibility using the IRS' Offer In Compromise Pre-Qualifier tool with the link below. Working with a trusted tax professional can also determine whether you qualify for the OIC program, as well as help you prepare an application with a better chance of being accepted.

Offer In Compromise Pre-Qualifier tool: https://irs.treasury.gov/oic_pre_qualifier/

Credits and Deductions Changes This Filing Season – Did You Know?

As the April 15th filing deadline approaches, the IRS recently reminded taxpayers of several key tax law changes that took effect in 2023. Taxpayers should review these changes to avoid making errors on their returns.

Standard deduction amounts increased significantly from 2022 to 2023, up to $13,850 for single and married filing separately status, $20,800 for heads of household, and $27,700 for joint filers and qualifying surviving spouses. The maximum Additional Child Tax Credit, which is the refundable part of the Child Tax Credit (CTC), also increased to $1,600 for 2023.

Congress is considering legislation that would retroactively enhance the CTC itself. However, there is no need to wait for the result of those discussions to file your return. If a law change entitles you to a larger 2023 CTC than you have claimed, the IRS will automatically adjust your return, and send you a refund for the added credit amount.

A tax professional can help you determine how the 2023 credit and deduction rules affect your taxes, and file your return electronically to get your refund as rapidly as possible.

Non-deductible Wellness Expenses – Did You Know?

The IRS recently issued a reminder that personal expenses for general health and wellness usually do not qualify as medical expenses for tax purposes. These costs typically cannot be claimed as itemized deductions, and are not eligible for reimbursement through a health flexible spending arrangement (FSA), health savings account (HSA) or similar tax-advantaged account.

Examples of non-deductible, non-reimbursable health and wellness purchases include healthy foods for weight or blood sugar management. Dishonest companies aggressively market food and wellness products, claiming that these items become eligible for FSA/HSA reimbursement when the seller provides a doctor's note to the buyer. In reality, a doctor's note generally does not change an ineligible expense into an eligible one.

Requests for FSA reimbursement based on these bogus marketing claims typically get denied, and may jeopardize the tax advantages of FSAs and similar plans. If you are unsure whether a particular health expense qualifies for reimbursement, check with your workplace benefits plan administrator before making the purchase.

Recognizing Scams: The IRS Does NOT Contact Taxpayers in These Ways

Scammers often claim to represent the IRS in order to steal identities or money. You can better protect yourself by learning how to distinguish legitimate IRS communications from fraudulent messages or calls. As a starting point, it is important to know that there are some types of messages that the IRS never sends.

With the exception of verification codes for secure online account login, the IRS does not contact people or businesses about tax issues via text or SMS messages. The IRS also does not send messages to taxpayers through social media platforms or chat services.

While the IRS may communicate with a taxpayer via email, the messages will not ask the taxpayer to provide personal or financial information by replying or clicking on a link. All official IRS emails will originate from an address ending in irs.gov. If you are not 100% certain that an email claiming to be from the IRS is legitimate, do not reply and do not click any links in the message. Instead, delete the message and call the IRS directly for more information.

Earned Income Credit Eligibility - Did You Know?

The Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) provides vital assistance to low- and middle-income workers and their families. Unfortunately, the IRS estimates that up to 20% of eligible individuals do not claim the EITC, potentially costing them thousands of dollars a year. For eligible workers with qualifying children, the maximum EITC amount for tax year 2023 is $7,430, up nearly $500 from 2022. Eligible workers without dependents may receive a credit of up to $600.

To qualify for the EITC, you must have earned income, and you and your qualifying children (and your spouse if you file a joint return) must all have Social Security numbers. Your adjusted gross income (AGI) must be below the limit for your filing status and number of children. For example, the 2023 AGI for a taxpayer with two qualifying children cannot exceed $52,918 if the taxpayer files under single or head of household status, or $59,478 if the taxpayer files a joint tax return. In addition, you cannot have more than $11,000 in investment income.

Because the EITC is fully refundable, you may receive the credit as an IRS refund even if you owe no tax. However, you must file a tax return to claim the credit. A tax professional can help you determine whether you qualify for the EITC, and if so, help you file a return electronically to get your refund as quickly as possible.

Hobby or Business - Did You Know?

Recent years have seen a rise in the number of people pursuing “side hustles,” such as delivery driving, dog walking and online craft selling. Many of these activities could be classified as either hobbies or business ventures, depending on how you pursue them. Since different tax rules apply for businesses and hobbies, it is important to know how the IRS will likely classify your side gig. The IRS considers a variety of questions, including:

- Do you depend on the activity for your livelihood?
- Do you pursue the activity in a professional, businesslike manner, and keep detailed records?
- Is the activity currently profitable for you, and if not, is there good reason to believe it will become consistently profitable in future years?
- Do you have the knowledge and skills needed to pursue the activity as a business?
- Do you approach the activity in a way that shows the intent to make a profit, such as changing methods to boost revenues?

In many cases, business income is subject to both income and self-employment tax, whereas hobbies may be subject to income tax. However, pursuing an activity as a business may enable you to reduce your taxable income by deducting business expenses, such as supplies, business vehicle use, and home office costs. A tax professional can help you determine how your side gigs should be classified, and how to account for that classification in your tax planning.

Refund Amounts - Did You Know?

If your refund amount is different than stated on the filed tax return, part or all of your refund may have been used to pay off (offset) past-due federal tax, student loans, state income tax or other past-due debts.

You'll receive a notice from the IRS if such an offset occurs that will show the original tax refund amount, the offset amount, as well as the name, address and telephone number of the agency receiving the payment.

If you haven't received your refund yet, you may be able to check the status using the IRS' "Where's my Refund?" tool: https://www.irs.gov/refunds.

Recipients of the Healthcare Premium Tax Credit Must File Form 8962 – Did You Know?

The health insurance Premium Tax Credit (PTC) helps millions of Americans with affordable healthcare. Most people who qualify for the credit receive it as a reduction in their monthly insurance premiums, known as the Advance Premium Tax Credit (APTC). If you purchased coverage through the Insurance Marketplace, watch your mail for IRS Form 1095-A (Health Insurance Marketplace Statement). This form shows whether you received the APTC during 2023.

The IRS requires all recipients of the APTC to file a 2023 tax return that includes Form 8962 (Premium Tax Credit), even if they would not otherwise have to file. On this form, you will reconcile your APTC premium reductions with your actual PTC amount for the year. If your credit amount exceeds those premium reductions, you may claim the excess credit as either a decrease in your tax or increase in your tax refund. However, if your premium reductions were greater than your actual PTC, you may need to repay part of the APTC.

If you qualified for the PTC in 2023 but did not receive APTC premium reductions, you may be able to claim claim your entire credit amount on Form 8962. A tax professional can help you complete the form, and file your return electronically to receive your refund as quickly as possible.

Common Tax Filing Errors – Did You Know? (2/2)

Every year, many taxpayers may make mistakes on their returns that cause IRS processing delays. Be sure to also check for the following:

Math Mistakes:
Even mathematicians sometimes make errors in simple addition and subtraction, and some of the calculations required for 1040 schedules can be complicated. Thoroughly double-check every bit of math on your return.

Incorrect Filing Status (Single, Married Filing Jointly, etc.):
The IRS will not accept a return showing a filing status that you are not eligible to claim. If you qualify for more than one status (for example, filing jointly or separately if you are married), the option you choose may significantly change your tax.

Incorrectly Figuring Credits or Deductions:
Once you determine that you qualify for a tax deduction or credit, you must carefully compute the amount that you can claim. Many taxpayers fail to take into account income limitations (including the calculations that must be made if your income falls within a “phase-out” range) and other restrictions. Others claim less than they could, or miss out on deductions and credits entirely by not filing the required forms and schedules.

Expired ITIN:
Those who file their IRS returns using individual tax identification numbers (ITINs) must keep in mind that ITINs periodically expire. Although a return filed with an expired ITIN may be accepted, the IRS generally will not allow any of the exemptions or tax credits claimed. The taxpayer must renew their ITIN in order to obtain the full refund that they are owed.

To avoid costly mistakes, a tax professional can help prepare or check your return and file it electronically. A tax pro might also help you claim deductions and credits that you would otherwise miss.