Native Pride

Chief Buckskin Charlie. Ute. Wearing a Rutherford Hayes Indian Peace medal. 1905. Photo by Benjamin S. Hopkins.

Peaches (Penaltish or Tzoch), White Mountain Apache scout. 1885.

Kintpuash (aka Captain Jack)
Kintpuash or Captain Jack was the chief of the Modoc people in both California and Oregon. His name in the Modoc language was “Strikes the Water Brashly”. He was the only Native American leader to be charged with war crimes. Kintpuash and his Modoc tribe lived near Tule Lake along the California and Oregon border. After the European invasion Kintpuash and his tribe were forcibly removed by white settlers to the Klamath Indian Reservation in southwest Oregon. The Klamath tribe already occupied this land, and with the arrival of the Modoc’s the two tribes became rivals. After being poorly treated by the larger Klamath tribe, in 1865 Captain Jack led his family, and the Modoc people back to their lands in California. In 1869 the Modoc tribe was rounded up by the United States Army and taken back to the Klamath Reservation. The following year in 1870 Kintpuash once again led his people back to Tule Lake, California.
This back and forth escapade instigated the Modoc War in 1872-1873. The United States Army was sent out once again to round up Captain Jack, and his tribe of Modoc’s to have them sent back to the Klamath Reservation. During negotiations a fight broke out between a U.S. soldier, and one of the Modoc men. This encounter brought about the “Battle of Lost River”. Kintpuash then escorted his people to the Lava Beds National Monument in northeastern California. In 1873 the United States Army located the Modoc’s, and a war broke out. Captain Jack eventually killed the army’s general Edward Canby, and Modoc warrior Boston Charley killed a California minister Reverend Eleazar Thomas. Kintpuash was captured and turned in by one of his own people. He was tried by a military court, and was found guilty of the two murders. Captain Jack was hanged on October 3, 1873.

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In the Inaugural parade of President Theodore Roosevelt in March of 1905, six great tribal chiefs and leaders in their finest regalia rode on horseback down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington D.C. The well-known leaders rode with tremendous dignity in the parade.
The noted Comanche Chief Quanah Parker with the other fellow tribal dignitaries were welcomed with applause from the crowds along the parade route. As the tribal leaders on horseback approached the presidential viewing box, President Roosevelt, his family, and guests got up to their feet to witness such an impressive sight.
By choosing to participate in the parade, the men presented an immense sense of visual identity and of their each unique culture. They courageously displayed a readiness to adapt to those changes and challenges placed upon their tribes in the latter 1800's and early 1900's.
At the time, U.S. government policy at established Indian Schools was to cause an abandonment of all forms of native culture. Emphasis was placed on the acceptance of the English language and to dress in the clothing of white culture. Native students who had arrived at Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania soon began the method to shape them into an unfamiliar image. It was thought that tribal people would assimilate into the greater American society and would just fade away and disappear over time.

Stump Horn (Cheyenne) holds a rifle he captured at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. Montana. 1920? Source - McCracken Research Library, Buffalo Bill Center of the West.

Hopi mother and daughter. Arizona. ca.1900. Photo by C.C. Pierce. Source - University of Southern California Libraries.

Geronimo was born in No-doyohn Canon, Arizona, June 1829, near Clifton, Arizona, from the Bedonkohe Apache tribe. He was named Goyathlay (One Who Yawns) the fourth in a family of four boys and four girls. In 1846, when he was seventeen, he was admitted to the Warriors ' Council, which allowed him to marry. He was soon allowed to marry a woman named Alope, and the couple had three children.
The tribe, at peace with the Mexican cities and nearby Indian tribes, moved to New Mexico in the mid-1850s where they could trade. They've been camping outside a Mexican town called Kas-ki-yeh for several days. The rest of the men went to the city to trade, leaving a few warriors to guard the camp. Many women and children who told them that Mexican troops had invaded their camp met them when they returned from town.
They went back to camp to find their guard guards killed, and their horses, provisions and weapons were gone. Even worse, there were also many women and children killed. Goyathlay's daughter, mother, and three children were among those who lay dead, and as a result he despised all Mexicans for the rest of his life.
It was his family's slaughter that made him a brave warrior from a friendly Native. He soon joined a fearsome Apache tribe known as Chiricahua and engaged in several attacks in northern Mexico and across the border into U.S. territory, now known as the New Mexico and Arizona states.

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"Crowfoot stood and watched as the white man spread many one dollar bills on the ground.
“This is what the white man trades with; this is his buffalo robe. Just as you trade skins, we trade with these pieces of paper.”
When the white chief had laid all his money on the ground and shown how much he would give if the Indians would sign a treaty, Crowfoot took a handful of clay, made a ball out of it and put it on the fire.
It did not crack.
Then he said to the white man, Now put your money on the fire and see if it will last as long as the clay.
The white man said, No….my money will burn because it is made of paper.
With an amused gleam in his eyes the old chief said, Oh, your money is not as good as our land, is it?
The wind will blow it away; the fire will burn it; water will rot it. But nothing will destroy our land.
You don’t make a very good trade.
Then with a smile, Crowfoot picked up a handful of sand from the river bank, handed it to the white man and said, You count the grains of sand in that while I count the money you give for the land.
The white man said, I would not live long enough to count this, but you can count the money in a few minutes.
Very well, said the wise Crowfoot, our land is more valuable than your money. It will last forever.
It will not perish as long as the sun shines and the water flows, and through all the years it will give life to men and animals, and therefore we cannot sell the land.
It was put there by the Great Spirit and we cannot sell it because it does not really belong to us.
You can count your money and burn it with a nod of a buffalo’s head, but only the Great Spirit can count the grains of sand and the blades of grass on these plains.
As a present we will give you anything you can take with you, but we cannot give you the land.”
Chief Crowfoot : Blackfoot Confederacy

"The Pledger". Piegan. 1911. Photo by Edward S. Curtis. Source - Northwestern University

Chief Joe Lamoose. Flathead. 1920s. Glacier National Park, Montana. Photo by Franklin Price Knott

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“The true Indian does not set any price either on his property or on his labor. His generosity is only limited by his strength and ability. He considers it an honor to be chosen for difficult or dangerous service and would think it shameful to ask for a reward.
Teton Sioux Chief 1837 -1918
John Grass's English name came from the Dakota "Pezi," meaning "Field of Grass"; he also was sometimes called Mato Wtakpe (Charging Bear).
He was a son of Grass, a Sioux leader of the early nineteenth century.
He spoke a number of Dakota dialects as well as English, so he was one of the few peaople in the Dakotas who could communicate with nearly everyone else.
Indian agent Major James ("White Hair") McLaughlin set up Grass, Gall, and other Sioux as rival chiefs to Sitting Bull after the latter had surrendered in 1881, in an attempt to break Sitting Bull's influence over the Sioux.
Over Sitting Bull's objections, Grass signed an 1889 agreement that broke up the Great Sioux Reservation.
He probably was bowing to threats by Indian agent McLaughlin that the U.S. government would take the land with or without Sioux consent.
Even after the land was signed over, the government reduced the food allotments on Northern Plains reservations, intensifying poverty and suffering; this action increased tensions just before the massacre of Big Foot's people at Wounded Knee.
For more than three decades, Grass served as head judge in the Court of Indian Offenses of the Standing Rock Reservation.
He died at Standing Rock in 1918.

Wes Studi's has had one long enjoyable acting career. He was raised in Nofire Hollow Oklahoma, speaking Cherokee only until he started school. At 17 he joined the National Guard and later went to Vietnam. After his discharge, Studi became politically active in American Indian affairs. He participated in Wounded Knee at Pine Ridge Reservation in 1973. Wes is known for his roles as a fierce Native American warrior, such as the Pawnee warrior in Dances with Wolves. In the Last of the Mohicans he plays the Huron named Magua, which was his first major part. Soon after he got the lead role in Geronimo: An American Legend. He was in Skinwalkers, The Lone Ranger, and The Horse Whisperer. He played the Indian out in the desert in The Doors movie, and he was also in Avatar. Studi also plays bass and he and his wife are in a band called Firecat of Discord. Wes Studi also serves as honorary chair of the national endowment campaign, of the Indigenous Language Institute that's working to save Native Languages. He and his family live in Santa Fe New Mexico, and Wes has been in several other movies, TV shows and movies, and mini series. He also received an Academy Honorary Award, becoming the first Native American and the second North American Indigenous person to be honored by the Academy, the first was Buffy Sainte-Marie, a First Nations Canadian Indigenous musician.

Infant and young girl, Colville Indian Reservation, Washington, ca. 1905. Photo by Edward H. Latham. Source - University of Washington Libraries.

Chief Joseph. Nez Perce. 1903. Photo by Edward S. Curtis. Source - Northwestern University

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𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐀𝐌 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐍𝐄🪶🪶🪶
GRAHAM GREENE - Born June 22, 1952, on the Six Nations Reserve in Ohsweken, Ontario, Mr. Greene is a 68 year old FIRST NATIONS Canadian actor who belongs to the ONEIDA tribe. He has worked on stage, in film, and in TV productions in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his 1990 performance in "Dances with Wolves". Other films you may have seen him in include Thunderheart, Maverick, Die Hard with a Vengeance, the Green Mile, and Wind River. Graham Greene graduated from the Centre for Indigenous Theatre in 1974 & immediately began performing in professional theatre in Toronto and England, while also working as an audio technician for area rock bands. His TV debut was in 1979 and his screen debut in 1983. His acting career has now spanned over 4 decades & he remains as busy as ever. In addition to the Academy Award nomination for Dance with Wolves, he has been consistently recognized for his work, and also received nominations in 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2016. Graham Greene lives in Toronto, Canada, married since 1994, and has 1 adult daughter.

𝐁𝐚𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐋𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐥𝐞 𝐁𝐢𝐠 𝐇𝐨𝐫𝐧, 𝐌𝐞𝐦𝐨𝐢𝐫𝐬 𝐨𝐟 𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐑𝐞𝐝 𝐅𝐨𝐱 (𝟏𝟖𝟕𝟎-𝟏𝟗𝟕𝟔)
"I was six years and fourteen days old at the time of the Custer fight. As it was told to me by my father Chief Black Eagle and my mother White Swan, the sister of Chief Crazy Horse….We left Pine Ridge [Reservation] the eight day of May 1876. Arrived in Montana about June the fifth. My people expected truble they divided up into three different villages. In case of attact they would not be caught in a trap. They knew Custer had left fort Lincolm for the Little Big Horn. Chief Gall and Chief Two-Moons sent word to my uncle Chief Crazy Horse that they were on their way to join him in case of truble with Custer they hatted him for the killing of the fifty three old women men and children and for burning their village several years before [This is a reference to the battle of Wash*ta River, Nov. 27, 1868] and he R***d Black Kettle fourteen year old daughter she gave berth to a boy who is known as Yellow Hawk that they claim is his son from that attact….
On Sunday morning June 25th 1876 Custer…divided his forces into four grupes send Reno to attack my people from the southwest of the Big Horn River. Benteen from the northeast. Godfry and McDugal with the supply train….He told them he would…make the attact at four oclock….About 2 PM…we heard shots fired later we were told that my father and Chief Standing Bear had blocked Captain Benteen from crossing the river. Ghost Dogs, and Crow King had blocked Reno and his men Stinking Bear had Blocked Godfre and McDougal.
About 3 oclock Custer appeared and my uncle Crazy Horse rode out and then retreated like they were afraid. Custer came riding on then. Chief Gall came out to the left side of Custer and Two Moons and his Cheyenns came to the right of Custer. When Custer seen this he started his charge then he dismounted, placed his men on high grounds his horses placed under senteries the Indians made a curcle around him then rode their horses accross the circle kicking up durt [to] stampead his horses. Then the Indians made their attact. Custer bugle sounded for the sentries to bring the horses but they had been killed his bugle sounded for retreat but…most of his men and horses were killed. some said he was the last one to die but that not true. Captain Kegho was the last man to be killed and his horse Comanche was the only horse alive….my people said no one knows who killed [Custer] or when he fell. they say the battle lasted forty minutes….the Indians had better guns than the soldiers good horsemen and knew the country and planed how to fight the battle…''

Chief Peepeechis of the Little Bone Reserve of the Sakimay First Nation near Grenfell, SK. Cree. 1884. Source - University of Saskatchewan Archives.

Navajo man. ca. 1900. Photo by C.C. Pierce. Source - University of Southern California.

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Red Cloud (1822-1909) Born in what is now North Platte, Nebraska, Red Cloud spent most of his young life at war.
The Oglala Lakota Sioux leader’s fighting skills made him one of the most formidable opponents of the U.S. Army, and in 1866-1868, he led a victorious campaign, known as Red Cloud’s War, which resulted in his taking control over Wyoming and southern Montana territory. In fact, fellow Lakota leader, Crazy Horse, played an important role in that battle that led to many U.S. casualties.
Red Cloud’s win led to the Treaty of Fort Laramie in 1868, which gave his tribe ownership of the Black Hills, but these protected expanses of land in South Dakota and Wyoming quickly became encroached upon by white settlers looking for gold. Red Cloud, along with other Native American leaders, traveled to Washington D.C. to persuade President Grant to honor the treaties that were originally agreed upon.
Although he didn’t find a peaceful solution, he did not participate in the Great Sioux War of 1876-1877, which was led by his fellow tribesmen, Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull. Regardless, Red Cloud continued to travel to Washington D.C. to fight for his people and ended up outliving all the major Sioux leaders. In 1909 he died at the age of 87 and was buried at Pine Ridge Reservation.

Big Medicine Man. Crow. 1883. Photo by Frank Jay Haynes. Source - Montana Historical Society.

So beautiful ❤️

A Crow hunter. 1880. Montana. Photo by L.A. Huffman. Source - Montana Historical Society.

Pretty Horse, daughter of White Bull. Sioux. Montana. ca. 1861-1881. Photo by Stanley J. Morrow. Source - Montana Historical Society.

GOOD MORNING HAVE A BEAUTIFUL DAY AND WEEK

Kiowa group in Oklahoma Territory - 1901