Intl Public Safety Council-%CTCC Susan L Talafous

12 injured, 3 people detained after shooting at South Carolina mall, police say Twelve people were injured and three people have been detained following a shooting at a Columbia, South Carolina, mall on Saturday afternoon, police said.

These firefighters from the IAF’s Fire Department at Hatzor AFB wish you a Shabbat Shalom 💙

FDA postpones advisory panel meeting on Pfizer Covid-19 vaccine for younger children The US Food and Drug Administration announced Friday that it is postponing the meeting of its Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee, originally scheduled for February 15, as "new data have recently emerged" regarding Pfizer and BioNTech's emergency use authorization request for...

US will send 3,000 more troops to Poland as concerns grow over Russia and Ukraine Tensions between Moscow and Kyiv are at their highest in years, with a large Russian troop buildup near the shared borders of the two former Soviet republics. Follow for live news updates.

Kīlauea’s summit glow comes and goes frequently these days. This is due to a pattern of pauses in lava lake activity within Halema‘uma‘u crater over the last two and a half months. Cycles last several days to a week and consist of a couple days of visible lava lake activity, followed by one to three days without lava.

That's the topic for this week’s https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/news/volcano-watch-kilaueas-summit-glow-comes-and-goes

HVO is monitoring four main data streams to help us understand why Kīlauea is exhibiting this behavior. The data streams are shown in the plots - sulfur dioxide emissions (SO2) in tonnes per day (top panel), ground tilt in microradians (middle panel), and seismic tremor (RSAM) (lower panel). Eruptive pauses and highly diminished activity are highlighted in blue.

Tilt data records ground deformation of the volcano and is thought to reflect the pressurization level of Kīlauea’s shallow summit magma chamber. Kīlauea’s summit region has remained relatively flat (tilt-wise) since mid-October, but superimposed on the flat signal are small, pronounced deflation/inflation events. This is the first monitoring signal to show change when the cycle is beginning.

On November 7, 2021, Kīlauea summit tilt started showing larger deflation-inflation events (DI) than were seen in the previous month. At the bottom of each of these deflation cycles the lava drained from the vent and active lava lake, though it occasionally bubbled within an embayment immediately north of the west vent in Halema‘uma‘u.

But lava is not gone for good when this happens, nor has it gone far. It sits just below the surface, far enough out of sight that the glow disappears, but close enough to reemerge at the end of the cycle. The tilt needs to “recover” the amount of deflation that stopped the glow (plus a little extra). Magma builds up pressure to reestablish the pathway to the surface and reappears near the top of the inflation cycle.

Volcanic tremor, measured by seismometers, provides another set of clues. At the start of the deflationary trend the seismic tremor drops abruptly to very low levels. Tremor indicates that magma and gas are moving at very shallow levels in the volcano. When that signal dies off, we can infer that the magma is no longer trying to erupt. Tremor does not restart until near the top of the inflationary cycle, but once it does, lava reappears inside the west vent within 10 to 30 minutes.

Gas data shows large fluctuations in sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions that coincide with fluctuations in lava lake activity. When the lava lake is active during the peak of the inflationary cycle, the SO2 emission rate ranges anywhere from about 2,000–6,000 tonnes per day (t/d) of SO2. During decreased and paused parts of the cycle, emissions drop drastically to 100 to 300 t/d of SO2.

Finally, let’s discuss the geologic observations of what happens within Halema‘uma‘u crater as a cycle progresses. During the deflationary part of the cycle, the active lava lake surface motion begins to slow down, crust over, and the level of the active lava lake drops up to 10 m (33 ft).

These “draining events” are often accompanied by dozens of small spattering sources within the lake and overturns of the newly-formed crust. The solidified surface texture of the lava takes on a more rough and jagged appearance instead of a smooth and flat texture.

In some past cycles, once the lava reached a stable, minimum level, minor activity continued in the embayment including the occasional lava crust overturning. This activity, when present, is maintained until the inflationary period recovers the lost deflation, and tremor begins. Reappearance of the lava is followed by increased SO2 emissions.

When lava returns, it arrives inside the west spatter cone first, often overflowing the cone. The embayment north of the west vent cone fills with lava, which flows rapidly into the active lake area. This activity usually increases for several hours until the lava lake overflows its levee margins, building them up a little higher while also filling in lower sections of the older inactive lava crust from earlier in the eruption. The lava lake activity ultimately stabilizes within the levees until the next deflationary cycle begins.

During the dozen cycles spanning November 2021 to present, these data streams have given us a pattern to anticipate both the disappearance and return of glow at Kīlauea summit (for now). So, if you’re planning a visit to Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park to view the glow, be sure to check Kīlauea’s eruption status and webcams at the USGS Hawaiian Volcano Observatory website: usgs.gov/hvo.

Volcano Activity Updates

volcano is erupting. Over the past week, lava has continued to intermittently erupt from the western vent within Halemaʻumaʻu crater. All lava is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated and were measured at approximately 4,500 tonnes per day on February 1. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes and ongoing volcanic tremor. Summit tiltmeters show several deflation and inflation patterns over the past week.

is not erupting. This past week, about 68 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa—the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 10 km (6 mi) below sea level. GPS measurements show low rates of ground deformation over the past week. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at both the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable.

Kamaʻehuakanaloa volcano may seem unfamiliar, perhaps because its name was recently updated. In July 2021, Lōʻihi Seamount was renamed Kamaʻehuakanaloa by the Hawaii Board on Geographic Names.

The volcano formerly known as Lōʻihi Seamount is the topic for this week’s https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hvo/news/volcano-watch-kamaehuakanaloa-volcano-formerly-known-loihi-seamount

The former name was introduced in 1955 by Dr. Kenneth O. Emery, following a 4-day bathymetric (sea-floor topography) survey in 1954 off the south coast of the Island of Hawai’i. Dr. Emery, a professor at the University of Southern California, asked Mary Kawena Pukui and Martha Hohu (both Bishop Museum staff), and Dr. Gordon A. Macdonald (HVO Director) to name the seamounts. They selected names based on a short physical description. For the seamount located about 30 miles (19 km) south of the Kīlauea coastline and rising to 3,189 ft (975 m) below sea level, the name Lōʻihi was assigned, meaning long; indeed, this seamount is longer than its neighbors.

Kamaʻehuakanaloa’s previous name was descriptive but failed to reflect Hawaiian cultural knowledge. Several mele (chants), orally passed down and documented in writing decades before the 1954 expedition, describe Kamaʻehuakanaloa, an undersea volcano. As explained by Kuʻulei Kanahele of the Edith Kanakaʻole Foundation, Kamaʻehuakanaloa “is a powerful name that invokes the name of Pelehonuamea and her birth out of Kanaloa [the ocean].”

Kamaʻehuakanaloa may be out of sight, but it is not out of mind. It is honored in mele and though it remains under the ocean surface, it continues to occasionally remind us of its presence with earthquakes we can feel on land. Most recently, on December 24, 2021, a magnitude 4.9 earthquake under Kamaʻehuakanaloa caused weak to light shaking felt by at least 29 people from Nāʻālehu to as far north as Kailua Kona and Honomū. In the 2 weeks leading up to this earthquake, over 50 smaller earthquakes had been detected by HVO’s earthquake-monitoring network. Earthquakes detected by HVO’s seismic network in December 2021 are shown on the map (the cluster of mostly blue earthquakes are from a persistent swarm about 30 km (19 mi) underneath Pāhala).

It will be millennia before Kamaʻehuakanaloa emerges from Moananuiākea (the Pacific Ocean). In thousands of generations, perhaps our descendants will witness Kamaʻehuakanalo, the “reddish child of Kanaloa,” finally emerging and forming a new island.

Volcano Activity Updates

volcano is erupting. Lava returned to the western vent within Halemaʻumaʻu crater at about 5:52 a.m. on January 25, following a pause lasting about two days. All lava is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain elevated and were measured at approximately 2,800 tonnes per day on January 25. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes and ongoing volcanic tremor. Summit tiltmeters show several deflation and inflation patterns over the past week.

is not erupting. This past week, about 77 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa—the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 10 km (6 mi) below sea level. GPS measurements show low rates of ground deformation over the past week. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at both the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable.

November is . In volcanic landscapes, traditional knowledge has provided insights into geologic processes and impacts, with important lessons for people today.

This oral history is retold among Klamath Tribes’ members about a catastrophic eruption of Mount Mazama. It is summarized here.

In that time, long ago, before the stars fell, the spirits of the earth and the sky, the spirits of the sea and the mountains often came and talked with people.

Sometimes the Chief of the Below World came up from his home inside the earth and stood on the top of the mountain - the high mountain that used to be. At that time there was no lake up there. Instead, there was an opening which led to the lower world. When he came up from his lodge below, his tall form towered above the snow-capped peaks. His head touched the stars around the lodge of the Chief of the Above World.

The Chief of the Below World fell in love with the daughter of a chief but she refused to go with him to his lodge inside the mountain (a decision supported by her family). This made the Chief of the Below World angry, so he swore revenge upon them with a Curse of Fire.

Raging and thundering, he rushed up through the opening and stood upon the top of his mountain. Red-hot rocks as large as the hills hurtled through the skies. Burning ashes fell like rain. Like an ocean of flame, it devoured the forests on the mountains and in the valleys until it reached the homes of the people. Fleeing quickly, the people found refuge in the waters of Klamath Lake.

Two medicine men lighted their pine torches and started toward the mountain of the Chief of the Below World. On the rim, the medicine men paused for a moment, watching the flames and smoke come up through the opening, lifted their burning torches high above their heads, and jumped into the fiery pit.

Once more the mountains shook. The Chief of the Below World was driven into his home, and the top of the mountain fell upon him. The high mountain was gone.

For many years, rain fell in torrents and filled the great hole that was made when the mountain fell upon the Chief of the Below World. The Curse of Fire was lifted and never again did the Chief of the Below World come up from his home.

The story describes the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama, 7,700 years ago. From geologic studies, scientists know the eruption started from a single vent on the northeast side of the volcano with a towering column of pumice and ash 30 miles high. Winds carried the ash across much of the Pacific Northwest and into parts of southern Canada. So much magma erupted that the volcano began to collapse in on itself. As the summit collapsed, circular cracks opened up around the peak. More magma erupted through these cracks to race down the slopes as pyroclastic flows. Deposits from these flows partially filled the valleys around Mount Mazama with up to 300 feet of pumice and ash. As more magma was erupted, the collapse progressed until the dust settled to reveal a volcanic depression, called a caldera, 5 miles in diameter and one mile deep. With time, this caldera has filled with water to form what we now know as Crater Lake.

The image is a painting by Paul Rockwood of the cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama 7,700 years ago, courtesy of National Park Service, Crater Lake National Park Museum and Archive Collections. Rockwood was a graphic artist, printmaker, and lithographer commissioned by the federal government through the WPA (Works Progress Administration).

For more, read "In the Footprints of Gmukamps, A Traditional Use Study of Crater Lake National Park and Lava Beds National Monument" by Douglas Deur, http://npshistory.com/publications/crla/gmukamps.pdf.

Through the Bipartisan Infrastructure Deal and Build Back Better framework, the administration is supporting Native American families, businesses, jobs and communities. Read the presidential proclamation for National Native American Heritage Month: https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2021/10/29/a-proclamation-on-national-native-american-heritage-month-2021/

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How high is that lava fountain? Scientists show you how fountains measure up, in this week’s , https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/hawaiian-volcano-observatory/volcano-watch

One of the things field geologists do is measure the height of lava fountains and other vent dimensions to help assess how energetic the eruption is. By knowing the height of a lava fountain and measuring its change overtime, geologists assess short-term and long-term eruption dynamics even if it is not obviously visible hour to hour or day to day.

Measuring the height of a lava fountain during an eruption can be accomplished with a few simple instruments and some basic trigonometry.

Here's how:

First, geologists measure the angles to the top and bottom of the fountain. The top of the lava fountain is defined as the upper boundary of the optically dense column (observer cannot see through it). This is where the vast majority of the lava stops rising and falls back to the ground.

The base is easy to determine at the start of an eruption - it is where lava is erupting from the ground. But over time, the base becomes hidden as lava, spatter, and cinder accumulates around the vent area. When this happens, geologists look for other unobstructed exposures of the fissure, which could be a glowing crack near the bottom of the fountain and use that as a base.

To make the angle measurements, you need either a hand-held inclinometer, compass, rangefinder (laser or optical), or even a handy app on your phone. To make the math easy, we always measure the angle from our eye-height to the top of the fountain and then a second angle from our eye-height to the bottom of the fountain. This way no matter where you are in relation to the fountain (above it on a cliff rim, at ground level, or below it, because the lava fountain is up on a cliff), the math will always be the same. It is important to hold the instrument at eye level and not move the instrument up or down between the two measurements (pretend you are a tripod).

Second, we can then take these measured angles and use trigonometry to calculate the vertical distances for each angle—partial heights for each segment. The final part of the calculation is to add these two heights together.

Astute readers are probably thinking: but don’t we need to know the distance to the lava fountain? Excellent question. In the old days, geologists would estimate the horizonal distance from a map during the eruption and use surveyor’s instruments to measure the actual distance after the fountaining stopped. Today, HVO scientists use an accurate laser range finder that not only measures the distance, but also the angle, does the math, and then reports back the vertical height.

Lava fountains are spectacular to observe at Kīlauea and provide insight into eruption dynamics. If you are lucky enough to see fountaining, you too can measure lava fountains! Or you can simply estimate the height knowing that the spatter cone is about 20–25 m (65–80 ft) high. Either way, enjoy the view.

Annotated image showing how lava fountain heights are measured using a trigonometric equation. Geologists measure two angles, from eye-level to the top and bottom of the lava fountain. These angles, and the distance between the geologist and the fountain, are used in a trigonometric equation to determine heights of the top and bottom portions of the fountain. The two values are added together to get the total lava fountain height. USGS photo of fissure 22 taken during the 2018 Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone eruption on May 20, 2018 by L. DeSmither.

Volcano Activity Updates

At Kīlauea, lava continues to erupt from a single vent in the western wall of Halemaʻumaʻu crater. All lava activity is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain high and were estimated at around 2,600 tonnes per day on Oct. 25, 2021. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes and ongoing volcanic tremor. Summit tiltmeters have remained relatively flat over the past week.

Mauna Loa is not erupting. This past week, about 94 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa—the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 10 km (6 mi). GPS measurements show no major deformation over the past week. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at both the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable. Webcams show no changes to the landscape.

https://www.facebook.com/groups/TISAU/permalink/3056165954638200/

Secretary of State Antony Blinken remarks on death of Colin Powell Blinken remembers the life and legacy of the former Secretary of State.

From Niʻihau to Kīlauea, all Hawaii residents live on landscapes shaped by volcanoes. Each Hawaiian volcano starts on the floor of the Pacific Ocean. Over time—and with countless eruptions—lava accumulates as the volcano grows above sea level, eventually creating the islands many call home. The weight of the island chain causes bending of the oceanic plate and earthquakes. and that’s the topic for this week’s , https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/volcano-watch-large-earthquake-reminds-us-drop-cover-and-hold.

Beyond the inhabited Hawaiian islands are numerous other volcanic piles weighing down on the ocean bottom. To the southeast is Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi Seamount), a young submarine volcano that has yet to come up for air. Stretching far to the northwest, beyond Niʻihau to Mokupāpapa (Kure Atoll), are mostly eroded volcanoes that make up the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument.

To give a perspective of the immense mass sitting on the Pacific plate, the tallest of these volcanoes, Mauna Kea, is nearly a mile taller than Mount Everest from the base to the summit. The distance from Mokupāpapa to Kamaʻehuakanaloa, is about 2,500 km (1,600 miles). With the addition of the Emperor Seamounts, which stretch even farther to the northwest, that length increases to 6,200 km (3,900 miles). That is a lot of lava, stacked far and tall.

Although infrequent, the broad and rigid oceanic plate bends and buckles under the immense weight of these islands, sometimes resulting in earthquakes. Earthquakes can be compared to the creaks you might hear when walking on an old wooden lanai. The floor is merely reacting to the load placed upon it. These earthquakes are typically deep and do not generate tsunamis. The water column needs to be displaced by a fault breaching the seafloor, not just shaking by an earthquake, for a tsunami to occur.

A magnitude-6.2 earthquake occurred on October 10 at 11:49 am HST. It originated just south of the Island of Hawai‘i. The large earthquake, caused by bending of the oceanic plate, serves as a stark reminder that the State of Hawaii is no stranger to potentially damaging earthquakes.

The graphic is a poster called Hawaii’s Volcanoes Revealed, available for download at https://pubs.usgs.gov/imap/2809/pdf/i2809.pdf.

Volcano Activity Updates

volcano is erupting. All lava activity is confined within Halemaʻumaʻu crater in Hawai‘i Volcanoes National Park. Lava continues to erupt from a single vent in the western wall of Halemaʻumaʻu crater. Sulfur dioxide emission rates remain high and were estimated at around 4,400 tonnes per day on Oct 13, 2021. Seismicity is elevated but stable, with few earthquakes and ongoing volcanic tremor. Summit tiltmeters continue to record slight inflationary tilt.

is not erupting. This past week, about 84 small-magnitude earthquakes were recorded below the summit and upper elevation flanks of Mauna Loa—the majority of these occurred at shallow depths less than 8 km (5 mi). GPS measurements show no major deformation over the past week. Gas concentrations and fumarole temperatures at both the summit and at Sulphur Cone on the Southwest Rift Zone remain stable. Webcams show no changes to the landscape.

continues to closely monitor Kīlauea’s ongoing eruption and Mauna Loa for any signs of increased activity.

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ARREST WARRANT ISSUED FOR BRIAN LAUNDRIE: The FBI has issued an arrest warrant for Brian Laundrie in connection with the investigation into the death of his fiancé Gabby Petito. LATEST: https://bit.ly/3o3Gcyf

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FIRE UPDATE FROM Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks

Sequoia National Park is closed, and all employees that live inside of park boundaries have been evacuated due to growth of the KNP Complex. Here, firefighters assigned to the complex prepare the historic Sequoia entrance sign for the possibility of fire in the area by wrapping it with aluminum-based burn-resistant material.

EVACUATIONS UPDATE

The evacuation WARNING (not order) has been expanded to encompass the rest of Three Rivers, from Edison Drive east to Mineral King Road. This includes the Cherokee Oaks, North Fork Drive, South Fork Drive, Old Three Rivers Road, and Blossom Drive.
Mineral King Road and Highway 198 west of the intersection with Mineral King Road is under evacuation order.

Unbelievable chase day. Here's the tornado we observed southeast of Sycamore, IL!

In the United States, the overall level of community transmission is high, with most states and territories experiencing increasing COVID-19 cases. The 7-day average of daily new cases is 89,463, which is a 43.3% increase from the previous 7-day period and a 678.6% increase from the lowest daily average in June 2021. Take actions to protect yourself and others and prevent the spread of COVID-19.

If you aren’t vaccinated:
✅ Get vaccinated.
😷 Wear a mask over your nose & mouth.
↔ Stay at least 6 feet from others.
🚫 Avoid crowds & poorly ventilated spaces.
🖐 Wash your hands often.

Everyone in areas of substantial and high transmission should wear a mask in public indoor settings, even if vaccinated. More: https://bit.ly/3eZ9Wak.

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