Native American History

Po-Pa-Trecash (Plain Owl). Crow. 1910. Photo by De Lancey W. Gill. Source - National Anthropological Archives.

Rattlesnake Pete. Umatilla Indian Reservation. Oregon. Late 1800s

A Scarce Cabinet Photo of Ellie Irving, “Sioux Princess”, and Her Son. Ellie Irving was the wife of Buffalo Bill’s Wild West cowboy and Lakota translator Bronco Bill Irving. Ellie and her son, Bennie, were favorites of the cast and crew of the Wild West. This portrait was probably taken in New York in 1886 or early 1887 as the show was preparing to embark for England.

Many Horns (“He Ota”) was a Cut Head band chief of the Upper Yanktonais, who roamed in the late 1870ies the upper Missouri and even Milk River region in Montana. His band settled – at least for a time – at the Fort Peck/Poplar River Agency.
In 1872 he was one of the Yanktonais leaders who travelled to Washington with Yanktonais head chiefs Two Bears and Big Head.
Only a few Yanktonais fought in the Sioux War of 1876. But they skirmished a lot with tribes like the Gros Ventre (Atsina), the Upper Assiniboines and the Crows. In February 1878 for example Yanktonais belonging to Many Horns band stole twelve horses from a Gros Ventre camp and eleven from Little Chief´s Assiniboines. Many Horns refused to return the horses when scouts of Fort Belknap (the Gros Ventre/Assiniboine agency) came to his camp on Milk River.
In 1879 he attended with his following a Sioux sun dance at Fort Walsh in Canada.

I'm Not Pretty

Sergeant Jim, White Mountain Apache scout. 1885-1886. photo by Ben Wittick

Mangas Coloradas (1797-1862) was a Chiricahua Chief and natural leader because of his intelligence and size. Unusually tall, he was over six feet in height. Mangas united the Apache tribes and led them in a successful war of revenge and cleared the New Mexico area of white settlers. When the Americans took possession of New Mexico in 1846, he defended Apache Pass against General James H. Carleton’s California Column. Leading his warriors in continuous warfare until 1862, he was killed by Union soldiers at Fort McLane. Today his descendants reside on the Mescalero Apache Reservation.

Walla Walla woman Estelle Speel-ye. - Glass Negatives of Indians (Collected by the Bureau of American Ethnology) 1850s-1930s. National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution.

Yankton Dakota leaders on an official visit to Washington D.C. - 1905
*Standing L-R: Red Owl, Black Thunder, Arthur Stone, and Charging Bear.
*Sitting L-R: Iron Owl, Big To***co, and Yellow Thunder.

Ralph Willet Dixey (Bannock tribe), Peter Jim (Shoshone tribe), 1897.

Actor, film director, film producer and musician Keanu Charles Reeves (Keanu Charles Reeves),
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Missed the first 20 minutes of the party dedicated to the end of filming of his new film in one of the clubs in New York.
He waited patiently in the rain to be let in.
No one recognized him.
The club owner said: "I didn't even know Keanu was standing in the rain waiting to be let in - he didn't say anything to anyone."
"He travels by public transport".
"He easily communicates with homeless people on the street and helps them".
- He is only 58 years old (September 2, 1964)
- He can just eat a hot dog in the park, sitting between ordinary people.
- After filming one of the "Matrix", he gave all the stuntmen a new motorcycle - in recognition of their skill.
- He gave up most of the fee for the salaries of costume designers and computer scientists who draw special effects in "The Matrix" - decided that their share of participation in the budget of the film was underestimated.
- He reduced his fee in the film The Devil's Advocate" to have enough money to invite Al Pacino.
- Almost at the same time his best friend died; his girlfriend lost a child and soon died in a car accident, and his sister fell ill with leukemia.
Keanu did not break: he donated $5 million to the clinic that treated his sister, refused to shoot (to be with her), and created the Leukemia Foundation, donating significant sums from each fee for the film.
You can be born a man, but to remain one..
Also Read About Keanu
Keanu Reeves’ father is of Native Hawaiian descent...
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Good Eagle (Wanbli Washte). Oglala Lakota. 1899. Photo by F.A. Rinehart.

Eddie Gray, son of White Elk. Northern Cheyenne man. 1890. Montana. Photo by Christian Barthelmess. Source - Montana Historical Society

APACHE MOTHER AND CHILD c.1931:
Courtesy~Pinterest

"She was born on October 12, 1919, on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation in Promise, South Dakota. She is a member of the Two Kettle Band Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe and, and is known in Lakota as Wignuke Waste Win (Pretty Rainbow Woman). Marcella LeBeau, now 101 years old, has accomplished enough in her life to fill three centuries of living.

"I am a red man. If the Great Spirit had desired me to be a white man he would have made me so in the first place. He put in your heart certain wishes and plans, in my heart he put other and different desires. Each man is good in his sight. It is not necessary for Eagles to be Crows."
- Sitting Bull
—
Sources: photograph taken by David F. Berry, circa 1883 / Wikimedia Commons
🌹🐎🌵🦅🤍🐺

𝐖𝐞𝐬 𝐒𝐭𝐮𝐝𝐢
𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘴𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘢 𝘧𝘶𝘭𝘭-𝘣𝘭𝘰𝘰𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘕𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘬𝘦𝘦 𝘕𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯, 𝘞𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘧𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘝𝘪𝘦𝘵𝘯𝘢𝘮 𝘞𝘢𝘳 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘦𝘯, 𝘪𝘯 1973, 𝘱𝘢𝘳𝘵𝘪𝘤𝘪𝘱𝘢𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘞𝘰𝘶𝘯𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘒𝘯𝘦𝘦 𝘐𝘯𝘤𝘪𝘥𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘢𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘗𝘪𝘯𝘦 𝘙𝘪𝘥𝘨𝘦 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯. 𝘚𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘧𝘭𝘶𝘦𝘯𝘵 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘬𝘦𝘦, 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘩𝘢𝘴 𝘵𝘢𝘶𝘨𝘩𝘵 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦𝘭𝘱𝘦𝘥 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘵 𝘢 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘬𝘦𝘦-𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘶𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘸𝘴𝘱𝘢𝘱𝘦𝘳. 𝘈𝘮𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨𝘭𝘺, 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘦 1980𝘴, 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘰 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘯𝘨 - 𝘵𝘰 𝘮𝘦𝘦𝘵 𝘸𝘰𝘮𝘦𝘯, 𝘰𝘧 𝘢𝘭𝘭 𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘴𝘰𝘯𝘴. 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘴𝘰𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘴𝘰𝘮𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘣𝘦𝘴𝘵 𝘧𝘪𝘭𝘮𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘕𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘴 – 𝘋𝘢𝘯𝘤𝘦𝘴 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘞𝘰𝘭𝘷𝘦𝘴 (1990), 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘓𝘢𝘴𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘔𝘰𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯𝘴 (1992), 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘩𝘦 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘦𝘥 𝘎𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘰 𝘪𝘯 𝘎𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘯𝘪𝘮𝘰: 𝘈𝘯 𝘈𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘓𝘦𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘥 (1993). 𝘊𝘦𝘳𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘭𝘺 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘭𝘰𝘰𝘬 𝘰𝘧 𝘢 𝘧𝘪𝘦𝘳𝘤𝘦 𝘐𝘯𝘥𝘪𝘢𝘯 𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘳𝘪𝘰𝘳, 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘢𝘭𝘴𝘰 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘦𝘧𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯 𝘪𝘯 𝘑𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘴 𝘊𝘢𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘰𝘯’𝘴 𝘈𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘢𝘳 (2009). 𝘏𝘦 𝘢𝘭𝘴𝘰 𝘴𝘵𝘢𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘏𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘪𝘭𝘦𝘴 (2017), 𝘣𝘺 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘺𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘊𝘩𝘦𝘺𝘦𝘯𝘯𝘦 𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘦𝘧 𝘠𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘰𝘸 𝘏𝘢𝘸𝘬. 𝘛𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘥𝘦, 𝘚𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘪 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘰 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘏𝘢𝘭𝘭 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘎𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘵 𝘞𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘗𝘦𝘳𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘦𝘳𝘴 𝘣𝘺 𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢 𝘞𝘦𝘴𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘯 𝘏𝘦𝘳𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘨𝘦 𝘈𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘥 𝘪𝘯 2013; 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯 2019 𝘩𝘦 𝘸𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯 𝘈𝘤𝘢𝘥𝘦𝘮𝘺 𝘏𝘰𝘯𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘈𝘸𝘢𝘳𝘥
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Native Tribes of North America Mapped
The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in North America about 15 thousand years ago. As a result, a wide diversity of communities, societies, and cultures finally developed on the continent over the millennia. The population figure for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus was 70 million or more. About 562 tribes inhabited the contiguous U.S. territory. Ten largest North American Indian tribes: Arikara, Cherokee, Iroquois, Pawnee, Sioux, Apache, Eskimo, Comanche, Choctaw, Cree, Ojibwa, Mohawk, Cheyenne, Navajo, Seminole, Hope, Shoshone, Mohican, Shawnee, Mi’kmaq, Paiute, Wampanoag, Ho-Chunk, Chumash, Haida. Below is the tribal map of Pre-European North America. The old map below gives a Native American perspective by placing the tribes in full flower ~ the “Glory Days.” It is pre-contact from across the eastern sea or, at least, before that contact seriously affected change. Stretching over 400 years, the time of contact was quite different from tribe to tribe. For instance, the “Glory Days” of the Maya and Aztec came to an end very long before the interior tribes of other areas, with some still resisting almost until the 20th Century. At one time, numbering in the millions, the native peoples spoke close to 4,000 languages. The Americas’ European conquest, which began in 1492, ended in a sharp drop in the Native American population through epidemics, hostilities, ethnic cleansing, and slavery. When the United States was founded, established Native American tribes were viewed as semi-independent nations, as they commonly lived in communities separate from white immigrants.

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Northern Cheyenne warrior Bobtail Horse, circa 1906. Bobtail Horse was among the first Cheyenne to cross the Little Bighorn River to charge Custer’s E troop at the 1876 battle in Eastern Montana. Thirty years later, he held a rock-steady gaze into Richard Throssel’s camera. Bobtail Horse had painted portions of his face, including circumferential bands most visible on the forehead and designs below the eyes. His woven hair was wrapped in heavy wool strips; his earrings were made from shell. His eyebrows and eyelashes were plucked, a practice that was becoming less common. PC users can click the photo to better see details, including the beadwork on his shirt.
In 1879, 27 years prior to the Throssel portrait, L.A. Huffman took the first known photo of Bobtail Horse. The photo can be seen in the first comment on my page. Bobtail Horse was then scouting for Col. Nelson A. Miles, commander of Fort Keogh.

WE ARE REMOVING INACTIVE PEOPLE
AND ACTIVE PEOPLE PLEASE...SAY YES...!

It was the summer of 1912, the Olympics in Sweden. Jim Thorpe, a Native American from the Sac and Fox tribe, was representing the U.S. in four events, including the decathlon, which would determine the greatest athlete in the world.
The decathlon took place over three days. On the morning of day two, when Jim went to gather his track shoes for competition, they were missing.
Without a store to purchase new shoes from, he and his track coach scoured trash bins looking for a discarded pair. His coach found two shoes that differed in style and size. One shoe fit fine, while the other was too big. But given time constraints, this was his best option. So on the foot with the big shoe, Jim put on two pairs of socks.
Jim came in first place wearing these track shoes. He returned home to a ticker-tape parade in New York, celebrating his achievement as the greatest athlete in the world.

𝗔 𝗞𝗶𝗼𝘄𝗮 𝗴𝗶𝗿𝗹, 𝟭𝟴𝟵𝟰
The Kiowa people were a nomadic group who became a tribe at approximately 1650. They were located in the northern basin of the Missouri River. They eventually moved to the Black Hills, where they shared the land with the Crow tribe.
The tribe moved about down to the area of the Red River in Arkansas so that they could stay away from tribes who were trying to take over their land and eventually made an alliance with the Comanche tribe in 1807.

Herman Lehmann (1859-1932) was a German immigrant who was captured, along with his younger brother Willie, by a band of Apache raiders in 1870 near Loyal Valley in southeastern Mason County, Texas. While his brother escaped captivity and returned home after 9 days, Herman was adopted by his Apache captor, Carnoviste. There he underwent tribal initiation and warrior training which would use him later in life when he joined war parties against the Texas Rangers, Comanches and Mexicans. After his adoptive father was killed, Herman killed an Apache medicine man and had to spend a year alone on the plains. At the expiration of his solitude he joined the Comanches, who called him Montechena and with whom he fought the Tonkawas and U.S. cavalry regiments. After the cessation of hostilities between the Comanches and the U.S, Herman settled down at the Fort Sill reservation where he was adopted by Quanah Parker. However, he was required to return to his family in 1878 after 8 years with the Natives, as he was a white captive. Back home Herman could not adapt to his old life, as he wouldn't eat pork or sleep in a bed, wore body paint, leggings and feathers and attempted to kill the neighbor's pigs and calves. After some time he relearned German, learned English and did numerous odd jobs. He married twice and had 5 children. Herman always stayed in touch with his Native brothers and was a local celebrity in his town for his skills in riding, roping and archery. Herman is pictured on the left and his adoptive father Quanah on the right.

𝐂𝐡𝐢𝐞𝐟 𝐒𝐢𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐁𝐮𝐥𝐥 🔥🔥
Sitting Bull was one of the revered leaders of the Sioux tribe. He was born around 1831 in the area between North Dakota and South Dakota, USA.

Sitting Bull became the chief of the Hunkpapa Sioux tribe in 1868. He participated in many battles to protect his tribe's land from US government invasion.

In 1876, during the Battle of Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull led the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes to fight against the US army and defeat General Custer in a famous battle. However, after this victory, the US army increased pressure to suppress the Sioux tribe, and he was forced to leave his land.

After the Battle of Little Bighorn, Sitting Bull lived in adventure and evaded government pursuit. However, he returned to public life and became a key figure in the Sioux tribe's final resistance in the early 20th century.

Sitting Bull was not only famous as a talented and dedicated leader of his tribe, but also as a prophet and religious figure of the tribe. He helped preserve the culture and traditions of the Sioux tribe and always emphasized the connection between humans and nature.

However, in 1890, the US government attacked the Sioux tribe at Pine Ridge Reservation, where Sitting Bull was living. He was killed on December 15, 1890 during this attack. After his death, he became an icon of Native American resistance.

Your daily reminder that Indigenous people predated Columbus in the “new world” by — wait for it — 23,000 years.

Chief Big Tree
Big Tree, a Kiowa warrior and chief was born in 1850. Here’s what the authorities at the Texas State Historical Association have to say about him:
Big Tree (Ado-Eete), Kiowa warrior, chief, and cousin of Satanta, was born somewhere in the Kiowa domain at the time when pressures from the expanding non-native population were threatening the tribe’s traditional way of life. By the late 1860s the embattled Kiowas were forced to seek an accord with whites. The agreement, arrived at during the Medicine Lodge Treaty Council in 1867, forced Big Tree and the Kiowas to move to a reservation in southwestern Oklahoma. Frustrated by the confinement, Big Tree came under the sway of leaders of the tribal war faction at an early age. He joined Satank, Lone Wolf,qqv and Satanta in raids on settlements inside Indian Territory and across the Red River in Texas. He reputedly was involved in an abortive attack on Fort Sill in June 1870 but really gained notoriety as a result of his participation in the Warren Wagontrain Raid, or Salt Creek Massacre, of May 18, 1871.
On August 22, 1874, a number of Kiowas, led by Satanta and Big Tree, combined with Quahadis and skirmished with troops during ration distribution at Anadarko Agency, Indian Territory. From there the Indians moved onto the Llano Estacado in Texas, where, on September 9, 1874, a party of 200 Kiowas, including Lone Wolf, Satanta, and Big Tree, attacked Gen. Nelson A. Miles’s supply train, some thirty-six wagons escorted by a company of the Fifth Infantry and a detachment of the Sixth Cavalry. For three days the army held off the Indians until, unable to overwhelm the soldiers, the Kiowas drew off and returned home.
Big Tree remained imprisoned at Fort Sill until the Kiowas were finally defeated in December 1874. After his release, he spent the remainder of his life counseling peace and acceptance of the white man’s ways. His new direction was especially manifested in his drive to discredit the revivalist doctrine preached by the prophet P’oinka in 1887 and in his decision not to participate in the Kiowa Ghost Dance of 1890. He was among those who requested a missionary and was instrumental in establishing the first Baptist mission on the Kiowa reservation. By 1897 Big Tree’s conversion was complete; he became a member of the Rainy Mountain Baptist Church and served as a deacon for thirty years. He died at his home in Anadarko on November 13, 1929, his last act of leadership being his unsuccessful opposition to the allotment of Kiowa lands in 1901. He was buried near his home in the Rainy Mountain Cemetery.

𝗧𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝘄𝗲𝗿𝗲 𝗳𝗲𝗺𝗮𝗹𝗲 𝘄𝗮𝗿𝗿𝗶𝗼𝗿𝘀
In the movies, male Native American warriors rode off to battle while their female counterparts remained behind to cook, sew, and take care of the camp. In real life, this wasn’t always the case. Many warrior Native American women fought alongside men. The most famous of these was probably Buffalo Calf Road Woman, a member of the Northern Cheyenne tribe who fought in the Battle of the Rosebud and the Battle of Little Bighorn. In fact, according to the elders of the Northern Cheyenne tribe, it was she who dealt Custer his final deadly blow. Buffalo Calf Road Woman is just one of many incredible women you didn’t read about in history class.

Beautiful Native American Sister😍😍
- Comanche (1848-1911)

Comanche mother & child. Lawton, Oklahoma. ca. 1920. Photo by Bates. Source - Southern Methodist University

Ponca men who attended the funeral for George L. Miller, of the Miller Brothers’ 101 Ranch in Ponca City, Oklahoma - 1929
*L-R: Charlie Roy, White Deer, Horse Chief Eagle, Edward Smith, and John DeLodge.