Dr Usman

Cephalosporins are beta-lactam antimicrobials used to manage a wide range of infections from gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The five generations of cephalosporins are useful against skin infection, resistant bacteria, meningitis, and other infections. This activity describes the indications, contraindications, and possible adverse effects of cephalosporins and will highlight the mechanism of action, adverse event profile, monitoring, route of administration,

Cephalosporins are antimicrobials grouped into five generations based on their spectrum of coverage against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and their temporal discovery. First-generation cephalosporins have coverage against most gram-positive cocci as well as some gram-negative bacteria, e.g., Escherichia coli (E. coli), Proteus mirabilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Second-generation cephalosporins have coverage against Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae), Moraxella catarrhalis, and Bacteroides spp. Third-generation cephalosporins have less coverage against most gram-positive organisms but have increased coverage against Enterobacteriaceae, Neisseria spp., and H. influenzae. Fourth-generation cephalosporins have similar coverage as third-generation cephalosporins but with additional coverage against gram-negative bacteria with antimicrobial resistance, e.g., beta-lactamase. Fifth-generation cephalosporins have coverage against methicillin-resistant staphylococci and penicillin-resistant pneumococci.

First-generation cephalosporins include cefazolin, cephalothin, cephapirin, cephradine, cefadroxil, and cephalexin. First-generation cephalosporins have active coverage against most gram-positive cocci, such as staphylococci spp. and streptococci spp., while having minimal coverage against gram-negative bacteria. Gram-negative bacteria that are more susceptible to first-generation cephalosporins are Proteus mirabilis, E. coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae.

You can visualize them as flat surfaces that divide the body into front and back, side-to-side, and top to bottom.

Knowing the different body planes can be useful in designing your workout program to ensure you’re moving and strengthening your body in all directions.

This article tells you all you need to know about the three planes of the body, their movements, and other useful anatomical terms.
What are the 3 planes of the body?
There are three planes of the body:

Coronal (frontal) plane: separates the front (anterior) and back (posterior) of the body
Sagittal (longitudinal) plane: separates the left and right sides of the body
Transverse (axial) plane: separates the upper (superior) and lower (inferior) halves of the body
To imagine each, it’s useful to visualize a large sheet of glass that runs through your body.

Imagine the coronal (frontal) plane as a vertical sheet that runs through the side of your body, so that the sheet separates the front part of your body from the back.

Imagine the sagittal (longitudinal) plane as a vertical sheet that runs through your body from front to back, so that it divides your body into left and right sides.

Finally, imagine the axial (transverse) plane as a horizontal sheet that runs through your torso, dividing the upper and lower halves of your body.

When imagining the way your body moves, it’s useful to think of your body moving along the glass sheets (or planes) but not through them.

Cardiac temponade means Decreased cardiac movements due to raised pressure around the heart in pericardial space.

Very important for every Doctor, Nurse & paramedics as well pharmacist