Native American History

𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐨𝐝: Celebrating His Birthday and His Contributions to Indigenous Culture
Clint Eastwood, born on May 31st, 1930, in San Francisco, California, recently celebrated his 94th birthday. With over half a century dedicated to the film industry, he has become one of Hollywood's greatest icons. His career is not only distinguished by iconic roles but also by significant contributions as a director and producer, as well as efforts to preserve and honor Indigenous culture.
Clint Eastwood first gained fame with roles in spaghetti Western films like "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964), "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966). These roles established him as the silent, decisive hero he is renowned for.
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He further cemented his status with the "Dirty Harry" film series, portraying Harry Callahan, a tough and uncompromising police inspector. This series includes "Dirty Harry" (1971), "Magnum Force" (1973), "The Enforcer" (1976), "Sudden Impact" (1983), and "The Dead Pool" (1988).
In addition to acting, Clint Eastwood is recognized as an excellent director. He has helmed many acclaimed films, including "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004), both of which won Oscars for Best Picture. His works often delve into human complexities and societal issues.
Clint Eastwood's contributions extend beyond film to honoring and preserving Indigenous culture. In the film "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), Eastwood depicted the relationship between the protagonist and an Indigenous community with respect and sensitivity, earning praise for its portrayal of Indigenous people.
Eastwood has also supported various projects related to Indigenous peoples, from sponsoring non-profit organizations to participating in campaigns to protect their rights and lands. He emphasizes the importance of preserving and developing Indigenous culture as a vital part of global cultural heritage.
Clint Eastwood is not only an icon of Hollywood but also a symbol of perseverance and dedication. He has left an indelible mark on the film industry with iconic roles and films while also contributing to the preservation and celebration of Indigenous culture. Happy 94th birthday to him, a living legend of cinema and a tireless advocate for the rights and culture of Indigenous peoples.
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Clint Eastwood: Celebrating His Birthday and His Contributions to Indigenous Culture
Clint Eastwood, born on May 31st, 1930, in San Francisco, California, recently celebrated his 94th birthday. With over half a century dedicated to the film industry, he has become one of Hollywood's greatest icons. His career is not only distinguished by iconic roles but also by significant contributions as a director and producer, as well as efforts to preserve and honor Indigenous culture.
Clint Eastwood first gained fame with roles in spaghetti Western films like "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964), "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966). These roles established him as the silent, decisive hero he is renowned for.
❤️Get your t-shirt:
He further cemented his status with the "Dirty Harry" film series, portraying Harry Callahan, a tough and uncompromising police inspector. This series includes "Dirty Harry" (1971), "Magnum Force" (1973), "The Enforcer" (1976), "Sudden Impact" (1983), and "The Dead Pool" (1988).
In addition to acting, Clint Eastwood is recognized as an excellent director. He has helmed many acclaimed films, including "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004), both of which won Oscars for Best Picture. His works often delve into human complexities and societal issues.
Clint Eastwood's contributions extend beyond film to honoring and preserving Indigenous culture. In the film "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), Eastwood depicted the relationship between the protagonist and an Indigenous community with respect and sensitivity, earning praise for its portrayal of Indigenous people.
Eastwood has also supported various projects related to Indigenous peoples, from sponsoring non-profit organizations to participating in campaigns to protect their rights and lands. He emphasizes the importance of preserving and developing Indigenous culture as a vital part of global cultural heritage.
Clint Eastwood is not only an icon of Hollywood but also a symbol of perseverance and dedication. He has left an indelible mark on the film industry with iconic roles and films while also contributing to the preservation and celebration of Indigenous culture. Happy 94th birthday to him, a living legend of cinema and a tireless advocate for the rights and culture of Indigenous peoples.
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Elvina Agard, photo taken between 1900 and 1930. 🔥🔥
The Native American Indians are an important part of the culture of the United States. While their people have lived on this land for thousands of years, today their numbers are dwindling. Once, the Native Americans lived on this continent with little discourse and disruption. They were well fed, content, and established. In fact, the men and women usually were placed in typical roles. Although Native American women often had different roles than the men they were greatly respected. They often had the same sorts of rights at the men in their tribe which is incredible for the time period. In some groups, women were the ones who owned the home and property inside. While it was typical for a chief to be male there were some tribes that would have the women select who he would be

Pitsskustuya (aka Seven Shirts, aka Joe Moses), the son of Spengecksteetsa and the nephew of Kwiltalahun (aka Chief Moses), on the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in north-central Washington - Sinkiuse - 1903

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𝐌𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐩𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐝𝐨𝐧'𝐭 𝐤𝐧𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬, 𝐛𝐮𝐭 𝐊𝐞𝐚𝐧𝐮 𝐑𝐞𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐬 𝐡𝐚𝐝 𝐚 𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐡𝐚𝐫𝐝 𝐥𝐢𝐟𝐞.
Actor, film director, film producer and musician Keanu Charles Reeves (Keanu Charles Reeves),
Missed the first 20 minutes of the party dedicated to the end of filming of his new film in one of the clubs in New York.
He waited patiently in the rain to be let in.
No one recognized him.
The club owner said: "I didn't even know Keanu was standing in the rain waiting to be let in - he didn't say anything to anyone."
"He travels by public transport".
"He easily communicates with homeless people on the street and helps them".
- He is only 58 years old (September 2, 1964)
- He can just eat a hot dog in the park, sitting between ordinary people.
- After filming one of the "Matrix", he gave all the stuntmen a new motorcycle - in recognition of their skill.
- He gave up most of the fee for the salaries of costume designers and computer scientists who draw special effects in "The Matrix" - decided that their share of participation in the budget of the film was underestimated.
- He reduced his fee in the film The Devil's Advocate" to have enough money to invite Al Pacino.
- Almost at the same time his best friend died; his girlfriend lost a child and soon died in a car accident, and his sister fell ill with leukemia.
Keanu did not break: he donated $5 million to the clinic that treated his sister, refused to shoot (to be with her), and created the Leukemia Foundation, donating significant sums from each fee for the film.
You can be born a man, but to remain one..
Also Read About Keanu
Keanu Reeves’ father is of Native Hawaiian descent...
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Lakota / Sioux lived a peaceful way before they were forced to live on Reservations 😔😟

Native Tribes of North America Mapped
The ancestors of living Native Americans arrived in North America about 15 thousand years ago. As a result, a wide diversity of communities, societies, and cultures finally developed on the continent over the millennia.
The population figure for Indigenous peoples in the Americas before the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus was 70 million or more.
About 562 tribes inhabited the contiguous U.S. territory. Ten largest North American Indian tribes: Arikara, Cherokee, Iroquois, Pawnee, Sioux, Apache, Eskimo, Comanche, Choctaw, Cree, Ojibwa, Mohawk, Cheyenne, Navajo, Seminole, Hope, Shoshone, Mohican, Shawnee, Mi’kmaq, Paiute, Wampanoag, Ho-Chunk, Chumash, Haida.
Below is the tribal map of Pre-European North America.
The old map below gives a Native American perspective by placing the tribes in full flower ~ the “Glory Days.” It is pre-contact from across the eastern sea or, at least, before that contact seriously affected change. Stretching over 400 years, the time of contact was quite different from tribe to tribe. For instance, the “Glory Days” of the Maya and Aztec came to an end very long before the interior tribes of other areas, with some still resisting almost until the 20th Century.
At one time, numbering in the millions, the native peoples spoke close to 4,000 languages.
The Americas’ European conquest, which began in 1492, ended in a sharp drop in the Native American population through epidemics, hostilities, ethnic cleansing, and slavery.
When the United States was founded, established Native American tribes were viewed as semi-independent nations, as they commonly lived in communities separate from white immigrants
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Tzi-Kal-Tza, son of Captain William Clark, seated in field holding rifle, Montana, probably between 1866 and 1867
"The date of this man's birth was either about June, 1806, or March, 1807... He was engaged in the Nez Perce Indian War in Idaho and Montana, and was made prisoner with Chief Joseph at the Battle of Bear Paw Mountain. He was sent with Joseph and other prisoners to Indian Territory, where he died in 1878 or 1879, aged about 72 years old...During my residence in Montana I often met this half blood son of Captain Clark...With an appreciation of the historical interest which I would some day attach to this man, I persuaded him to have his photograph taken...The Hon. Granville Stuart, the first Secretary of the Historical Society of Montana, who was well acquainted with Captain Clark's son, has confirmed my declaration that this is his picture, and none other,..." -- Nathaniel Pitt Langford, St. Paul, Minnesota.

On June 25, 1876, a battalion of the 7th Cavalry, led by George Armstrong Custer, was wiped out by an overwhelming force of Lakota, Dakota, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho.
There are many stories that come from this most famous battle of the Indian Wars. However, the most overlooked account is of the women warriors who fought alongside their male counterparts.
Minnie Hollow Wood, Moving Robe Woman, Pretty Nose (pictured), One-Who-Walks-With-The-Stars, and Buffalo Calf Road Woman were among the more notable female fighters.
Pretty Nose fought with the Cheyenne/Arapaho detachment.
One-Who-Walks-With-The-Stars (Lakota) killed two soldiers trying to flee the fight.
Minnie Hollow Wood earned a Lakota war-bonnet for her participation, a rare honor.
Lakota Moving Robe Woman fought to avenge the death of her brother.
Cheyenne Buffalo Calf Road Woman holds the distinction of being the warrior who knocked Custer off his horse, hastening the demise of the over-confident Lt. Colonel.

HAPPY BIRTHDAY CLINT EASTWOOD
Clint Eastwood is a famous American actor, film director, producer and composer, famous for his flourishing career in the entertainment industry. Born on May 31, 1930, in San Francisco, California, Eastwood rose to fame in the 1960s for his role as "The Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's "The Dollar Trilogy" of spaghetti Westerns. He further solidified his status as a cultural icon with his role as Harry Callahan in the "Dirty Harry" film series, which began in 1971. Eastwood's career spanned more than six decades, during which he received won many awards, including multiple Oscars for best film. Director and Best Picture for "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004). Known for his stoic screen presence and tough personality, Eastwood has also directed and produced such critically acclaimed films as Mystic River (2003), Gran Torino (2008) and American Sniper (2014). In addition to his film work, Eastwood also dabbled in politics, serving as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, from 1986 to 1988. His contributions to cinema and his influence on Popular culture has made him one of its most respected people. and long-standing figures in Hollywood history.
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Cheyenne girls. ca. 1901-1911. Montana. Photo by N.A. Forsyth. Source - Montana Historical Society.

A LAUGH FOR TODAY❤
When NASA was preparing for the Apollo moon landings of the late 60s and early 70s, they did some astronaut training along a Navajo Indian reservation in the SW. One day, a Navajo elder and his grandson were herding animals and came across the space crew. The old man, who only spoke Navajo, asked a question, which the grandson translated: "What are the guys in the big suits doing?" A member of the crew said they were practicing for their trip to the moon." Then, recognizing a promotional opportunity for the spin-doctors, added, "We will be leaving behind a special record with greetings in many languages and such. Would the old man be interested in giving us a greeting to include?"
Upon translation, the old man got really excited and was thrilled at the idea of sending a message to the moon with the astronauts. The NASA folks produced a tape recorder and the old man recorded his message at which the grandson fought back the urge to laugh... but he refused to translate.
After Apollo 11 had successfully landed on the moon and brought its astronauts homes, a new group were training in the desert when one of the NASA officials recognized the Navajo elder and his grandson and went to tell them that the old man's message was indeed on the moon which was met with laughter.
Finally, the NASA rep caught on that not everything was as simple as he had originally thought and asked for a translation. With a chuckle the youngster replied: "Beware of white man; they come to steal your land..!

Cheyenne Dog Soldiers
Of all the typical Plains tribes, the Cheyenne were most distinguished for warlike qualities. Few in number, they overcame or held in check most of the peoples who opposed them, and when the westward movement of European civilization began, they made more trouble than all the rest combined. In short, they were preeminently warriors among peoples whose trade was war.
As in other Plains tribes, the warriors of the Cheyenne were organized into societies or orders. These societies were fraternal, military, and semi-religious organizations with special privileges, duties, and dress, usually tracing their origin to some mythical culture hero or medicine man. Each society had its own songs and secret ritual and exacted certain observances and standards of its members.

𝐆𝐑𝐀𝐇𝐀𝐌 𝐆𝐑𝐄𝐄𝐍𝐄🪶🪶🪶
GRAHAM GREENE - Born June 22, 1952, on the Six Nations Reserve in Ohsweken, Ontario, Mr. Greene is a 68 year old FIRST NATIONS Canadian actor who belongs to the ONEIDA tribe. He has worked on stage, in film, and in TV productions in Canada, the U.K., and the U.S. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his 1990 performance in "Dances with Wolves". Other films you may have seen him in include Thunderheart, Maverick, Die Hard with a Vengeance, the Green Mile, and Wind River. Graham Greene graduated from the Centre for Indigenous Theatre in 1974 & immediately began performing in professional theatre in Toronto and England, while also working as an audio technician for area rock bands. His TV debut was in 1979 and his screen debut in 1983. His acting career has now spanned over 4 decades & he remains as busy as ever. In addition to the Academy Award nomination for Dance with Wolves, he has been consistently recognized for his work, and also received nominations in 1994, 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2016. Graham Greene lives in Toronto, Canada, married since 1994, and has 1 adult daughter.
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"I am an old woman now. The buffaloes and black-tail deer are gone, and our Indian ways are almost gone. Sometimes I find it hard to believe that I ever lived them.
My little son grew up in the white man's school. He can read books, and he owns cattle and has a farm. He is a leader among our Hidatsa people, helping teach them to follow the white man's road.
He is kind to me. We no longer live in an earth lodge, but in a house with chimneys, and my son's wife cooks by a stove.
But for me, I cannot forget our old ways.
Often in summer I rise at daybreak and steal out to the corn fields, and as I hoe the corn I sing to it, as we did when I was young. No one cares for our corn songs now.
Sometimes in the evening I sit, looking out on the big Missouri. The sun sets, and dusk steals over the water. In the shadows I see again to see our Indian village, with smoke curling upward from the earth lodges, and in the river's roar I hear the yells of the warriors, and the laughter of little children of old.
It is but an old woman's dream. Then I see but shadows and hear only the roar of the river, and tears come into my eyes. Our Indian life, I know, is gone forever."

Excellent picture of a wonderful Comanche family, cira 1900.
The Comanche man named Tree Top is standing on the far right. He is shown with his beautiful family. On his right side, his daughter named Utah is sitting down along with his other children. The boy standing on the left side is Bert Seahmer. Photograph by Alice Snearly and Lon Kelley. Courtesy of Clay County Historical Society and the University of North Texas Libraries.
The friendliness and character of Comanche people was always clear within their villages. They enjoyed plenty of good conversation and great humor. It was certainly clear that Comanches lived life with a fondness for their community.
In 1857, the American western artist George Catlin observed their strong adoration for the spoken word.
Catlin penned the following:
" the wild, and rude and red - the graceful (though uncivil), conversational, garrulous, story-telling and happy, though ignorant and untutored groups that are smoking their pipes - wooing their sweethearts and embracing their little ones about their peaceful and endeared fire-sides; together with their pots and kettles, spoons, and other culinary articles of their own manufacture, around them; present altogether, one of the most picturesque scenes to the eye of a stranger, that can possibly be seen; and far more wild and vivid than could ever be imagined.

A LAUGH FOR TODAY❤
When NASA was preparing for the Apollo moon landings of the late 60s and early 70s, they did some astronaut training along a Navajo Indian reservation in the SW. One day, a Navajo elder and his grandson were herding animals and came across the space crew. The old man, who only spoke Navajo, asked a question, which the grandson translated: "What are the guys in the big suits doing?" A member of the crew said they were practicing for their trip to the moon." Then, recognizing a promotional opportunity for the spin-doctors, added, "We will be leaving behind a special record with greetings in many languages and such. Would the old man be interested in giving us a greeting to include?"
Upon translation, the old man got really excited and was thrilled at the idea of sending a message to the moon with the astronauts. The NASA folks produced a tape recorder and the old man recorded his message at which the grandson fought back the urge to laugh... but he refused to translate.
After Apollo 11 had successfully landed on the moon and brought its astronauts homes, a new group were training in the desert when one of the NASA officials recognized the Navajo elder and his grandson and went to tell them that the old man's message was indeed on the moon which was met with laughter.
Finally, the NASA rep caught on that not everything was as simple as he had originally thought and asked for a translation. With a chuckle the youngster replied: "Beware of white man; they come to steal your land!"

Keanu Reeves was abandoned by his father at 3 years old and grew up with 3 different stepfathers. He is dyslexic. His dream of becoming a hockey player was shattered by a serious accident. His daughter died at birth. His wife died in a car accident. His best friend, River Phoenix, died of an overdose. His sister has leukemia. And with everything that has happened, Keanu Reeves never misses an opportunity to help people in need. When he was filming the movie "The Lake House," he overheard the conversation of two costume assistants; One cried because he would lose his house if he did not pay $20,000 and on the same day Keanu deposited the necessary amount in the woman's bank account; He also donated stratospheric sums to hospitals. In 2010, on his birthday, Keanu walked into a bakery and bought a brioche with a single candle, ate it in front of the bakery, and offered coffee to people who stopped to talk to him. After winning astronomical sums for the Matrix trilogy, the actor donated more than $50 million to the staff who handled the costumes and special effects - the true heroes of the trilogy, as he called them. He also gave a Harley-Davidson to each of the stunt doubles. A total expense of several million dollars. And for many successful films, he has even given up 90% of his salary to allow the production to hire other stars. In 1997 some paparazzi found him walking one morning in the company of a homeless man in Los Angeles, listening to him and sharing his life for a few hours. Most stars when they make a charitable gesture they declare it to all the media. He has never claimed to be doing charity, he simply does it as a matter of moral principles and not to look better in the eyes of others. This man could buy everything, and instead every day he gets up and chooses one thing that cannot be bought: To be a good person. Keanu Reeves' father is of Native Hawaiian descent Also read Keanu's life .
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WHITE MOUNTAIN APACHE SCOUTS, WITH PEACHES CENTER c.1885:

Apaches are also known for their sense of humor. So, one day Peaches was part of a homeward bound raiding party that stopped to rest. He dozed off, and woke up to find only his horse as a companion. Transported by rage, he went and enlisted as a scout. General Crook took a liking to him, and made Peaches his personal scout. He accompanied the general into the Sierra Madres, Mexico for surrender talks with Geronimo. Some of his descendants are at San Carlos to this day.

Photo Courtesy~Pinterest

Tsianina Redfeather, a famous Creek/Cherokee singer and performer. Early 1900s. Source - Denver Public Library.
Tsianina Redfeather Blackstone (December 13, 1882 – January 10, 1985) was a Muscogee singer, performer, and Native American activist, born in Eufaula, Oklahoma, then within the Muscogee Nation. She was born to Cherokee and Creek parents and stood out from her 9 siblings musically. From 1908 she toured regularly with Charles Wakefield Cadman, a composer and pianist who gave lectures about Native American music that were accompanied by his compositions and her singing. He composed classically based works associated with the Indianist movement. They toured in the United States and Europe.
She collaborated with him and Nelle Richmond Eberhart on the libretto of the opera Shanewis (or "The Robin Woman," 1918), which was based on her semi-autobiographical stories and contemporary issues for Native Americans. It premiered at the Metropolitan Opera. Redfeather sang the title role when the opera was on tour, making her debut when the work was performed in Denver in 1924, and also performing in it in Los Angeles in 1926.
After her performing career, she worked as an activist on Indian education, co-founding the American Indian Education Foundation. She also supported Native American archeology and ethnology, serving on the Board of Managers for the School of American Research founded in Santa Fe by Alice Cunningham Fletcher.

Chief Joseph was a Nez Perce leader who led his tribe called the Wallowa band of Nez Perce through a treacherous time in United States history. These indigenous people were natives to the Wallowa Valley in Oregon. Chief Joseph was a powerful advocate for his people’s rights to remain on their homeland. In 1877 the Nez Perce tribe was forcibly removed from their native land by the United States government. The Nez Perce were given 30 day notice to leave their homeland. At first the Nez Perce people resisted removal, and this resulted in a series of violent events. They were ordered to relocate to a reservation in Lapwai, Idaho which resulted into the Nez Perce War.

In the Nez Perce War Chief Joseph led a couple hundred of warriors, and many women and children eluding United States troops over a 1,300 mile stretch. In a 3 month period the Nez Perce battled their way across the state of Oregon, and all the way to Montana. The tribe first attempted to settle with the Crow in Montana, but the Crow natives refused to help them. Chief Joseph and his people then headed North in hopes of taking refuge with the Lakota tribe that was led by Sitting Bull. The Nez Perce were skillful warriors in the battlefield which earned them great respect and admiration among the opposing cavalry, and the general public. In the fall of 1877 after a long and brutal battle Chief Joseph and his band surrendered in Montana only 40 miles away from the Canadian border which would have led them to freedom. However along the way many of the Nez Perce had either froze to death, starved, or died of disease including five of Chief Joseph’s children.

After the war Chief Joseph was never allowed to return home. In 1885 the Nez Perce and their fearless chief were escorted to Washington so they could settle on the Colville Indian Reservation far away from their original homeland and people in Idaho. In Chief Joseph’s final years he spoke about the cruelty that his people endured from the United States government. His hope was that one day there would be equality for everyone including Native Americans. Chief Joseph died of natural causes in 1904, and is buried in Nespelem, Washington.

𝐒𝐚𝐦𝐮𝐞𝐥 𝐏𝐚𝐜𝐤 𝐄𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐨𝐭𝐭 (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and a National Board of Review Award.
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He has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Elliott was cast in the musical drama A Star Is Born (2018), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding prizes at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also won a National Board of Review Award. Elliott starred as Shea Brennan in the American drama miniseries 1883 (2021–2022), for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.
Elliott is known for his distinctive lanky physique, full mustache, and deep, sonorous voice. He began his acting career with minor appearances in The Way West (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), season five of Mission: Impossible, and guest-starred on television in the Western Gunsmoke (1972) before landing his first lead film role in Frogs (1972). His film breakthrough was in the drama Lifeguard (1976). Elliott co-starred in the box office hit Mask (1985) and went on to star in several Louis L'Amour adaptations such as The Quick and the Dead (1987) and Conagher (1991), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He received his second Golden Globe and first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Buffalo Girls (1995). His other film credits from the early 1990s include as John Buford in the historical drama Gettysburg (1993) and as Virgil Earp in the Western Tombstone (also 1993). In 1998, he played the Stranger in The Big Lebowski.
In the 2000s, Elliott appeared in supporting roles in the drama We Were Soldiers (2002) and the superhero films Hulk (2003) and Ghost Rider (2007). In 2015, he guest-starred on the series Justified, which earned him a Critics' Choice Television Award, and in 2016 began starring in the Netflix series The Ranch. Elliott subsequently had a lead role in the comedy-drama The Hero.

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Portrait of Wa-Kan-Ta-I-Shni or Wancan-Ya-Kea or Wakan-Tanin-Sni (Lost Medicine). Hunkpapa Lakota. Possibly printed by Jackson. Photo by Alexander Gardner. 1872. Source - National Anthropological Archives.

𝗔𝗡𝗡𝗔 𝗝𝗨𝗟𝗜𝗔 𝗛𝗔𝗬𝗪𝗢𝗢𝗗 𝗖𝗢𝗢𝗣𝗘𝗥 (1858-1964)
Anna Julia Haywood Cooper was a writer, teacher, and activist who championed education for African Americans and women. Born into bôndage in 1858 in Raleigh, North Carolina, she was the daughter of an enslaved woman, Hannah Stanley, and her owner, George Washington Haywood.
In 1867, two years after the end of the Civil Wàr, Anna began her formal education at Saint Augustine’s Normal School and Collegiate Institute, a coeducational facility built for former slàves. There she received the equivalent of a high school education.
Anna Haywood married George A.G. Cooper, a teacher of theology at Saint Augustine’s, in 1877. When her husband died in 1879, Cooper decided to pursue a college degree. She attended Oberlin College in Ohio on a tuition scholarship, earning a BA in 1884 and a Masters in Mathematics in 1887. After graduation Cooper worked at Wilberforce University and Saint Augustine’s before moving to Washington, D.C. to teach at Washington Colored High School. She met another teacher, Mary Church (Terrell), who, along with Cooper, boarded at the home of Alexander Crummell, a prominent clergyman, intellectual, and proponent of African American emigration to Liberia.
Cooper published her first book, A Voice from the South by a Black Woman of the South, in 1892. In addition to calling for equal education for women, A Voice from the South advanced Cooper’s assertion that educated African American women were necessary for uplifting the entire black race. The book of essays gained national attention, and Cooper began lecturing across the country on topics such as education, civil rights, and the status of black women. In 1902, Cooper began a controversial stint as principal of M Street High School (formerly Washington Colored High). The white Washington, D.C. school board disagreed with her educational approach for black students, which focused on college preparation, and she resigned in 1906.
In addition to working to advance African American educational opportunities, Cooper also established and co-founded several organizations to promote black civil rights causes. She helped found the Colored Women’s League in 1892, and she joined the executive committee of the first Pan-African Conference in 1900. Since the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) and the Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) did not accept African American members, she created “colored” branches to provide support for young black migrants moving from the South into Washington, D.C.
Cooper resumed graduate study in 1911 at Columbia University in New York City, New York. After the death of her brother in 1915, however, she postponed pursuing her doctorate in order to raise his five grandchildren. She returned to school in 1924 when she enrolled at the University of Paris in France. In 1925, at the age of 67, Cooper became the fourth African American woman to obtain a Doctorate of Philosophy.
In 1930, Cooper retired from teaching to assume the presidency of Frelinghuysen University, a school for black adults. She served as the school’s registrar after it was reorganized into the Frelinghuysen Group of Schools for Colored People. Cooper remained in that position until the school closed in the 1950s.
Anna Julia Cooper dièd in 1964 in Washington, D.C. at the age of 105.