Mines & Minerals

Coal is formed through a process called coalification, which involves the transformation of plant material into coal over millions of years. Here's a step-by-step explanation:

1. Plant material accumulates: Plant material, such as peat, ferns, and swamps, accumulates in a low-oxygen environment, like a swamp or bog.

2. Burial: The plant material is buried by sediment, protecting it from oxygen and beginning the coalification process.

3. Compaction: The weight of overlying sediment compresses the plant material, causing it to become compacted and dense.

4. Heat and pressure: Over time, heat and pressure transform the plant material into peat, lignite (brown coal), bituminous coal, and eventually anthracite (hard coal).

5. Metamorphism: The coal undergoes metamorphism, where high temperatures and pressures transform the coal's chemical composition, resulting in different types of coal.

This process takes millions of years, and the quality and type of coal formed depend on factors like temperature, pressure, and the original plant material.

Construction Mineral/Cement Industry
Limestone (calcium carbonate CaCO3) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime. It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal forms of CaCO3. Limestone forms when these minerals precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium. This can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes, though biological processes, such as the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea, have likely been more important for the last 540 million years.Limestone often contains fossils which provide scientists with information on ancient environments and on the evolution of life.

Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen, with a chemical composition of SiO2. It is the most abundant mineral in Earth's crust and is resistant to both chemical and physical weathering. When rocks weather away, the residual material usually contains quartz. This is why the sand at most of the world's beaches is quartz.
https://geology.com/minerals/quartz.shtml

Barite is a mineral composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4). It receives its name from the Greek word "barys" which means "heavy." This name is in response to barite's high specific gravity of 4.5, which is exceptional for a nonmetallic mineral. The high specific gravity of barite makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial, medical, and manufacturing uses. Barite also serves as the principal ore of barium.
Barite often occurs as concretions and void-filling crystals in sediments and sedimentary rocks. It is especially common as concretions and vein fillings in limestone and dolostone. Where these carbonate rock units have been heavily weathered, large accumulations of barite are sometimes found at the soil-bedrock contact. Many of the commercial barite mines produce from these residual deposits.

Barite is also found as concretions in sand and sandstone. These concretions grow as barite crystallizes within the interstitial spaces between sand grains. Sometimes crystals of barite grow into interesting shapes within the sand. These structures are known as "barite roses" (see photo). They can be up to several inches in length and incorporate large numbers of sand grains. Occasionally barite is so abundant in a sandstone that it serves as the "cement" for the rock.

Barite is also a common mineral in hydrothermal veins and is a gangue mineral associated with sulfide ore veins. It is found in association with ores of antimony, cobalt, copper, lead, manganese, and silver. In a few locations barite is deposited as a sinter at hot springs.com .com

Granite Properties

Granite is a common type of intrusive igneous rock that is composed mainly of quartz, feldspar, and mica minerals. It is formed from magma that cools slowly below the Earth's surface, allowing the minerals to crystallize and form a hard, dense, and durable rock.

Granite is typically coarse-grained, meaning that its mineral crystals are easily visible to the naked eye. The exact color and pattern of granite can vary depending on the types and amounts of minerals present in the rock. Some common colors include gray, pink, red, and black, and granite often has a speckled or mottled appearance.

Granite is widely used in construction and as a decorative stone. It is commonly used as a building material for countertops, flooring, and exterior cladding on buildings. It is also used for monuments, gravestones, and other memorials. Due to its hardness and durability, granite is a popular choice for these applications.

Coal is a black or brownish-black sedimentary rock that can be burned for fuel and used to generate electricity. It is composed mostly of carbon and hydrocarbons, which contain energy that can be released through combustion (burning).

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