Five Items

4. DON'T HESITATE TO ASK FOR SERVICE IN RETURN
Any request implies gratitude. Any! Only manipulators tend to give empty promises or forget about the services if you did something for them. If you have fulfilled the request, then do not be shy and ask for a favor in return. Perhaps even in advance, at the moment of the promise to do what you are asked.

2. THE POWER OF PROMISES
Everything in life is simple. Never promise anything to anyone unless you're sure you'll keep it. And if you promised, keep it. Sometimes we make rash promises under pressure from other people who will later exploit your guilt. To prevent this from happening, it is better to immediately refuse or answer that you cannot promise for sure than to become addicted later.

6. ONE MAGIC PHRASE
Remember these simple words that work real miracles. The phrase “Do not interfere, please” is magic, power, energy. Say it before you get angry or annoyed, and so many negative situations simply won't happen.

3. DO NOT SHOW UNNEEDED INITIATIVE
With good intentions, we often make things worse. If you are not asked for help, it is best not to offer it. At best, over time, your efforts will be taken for granted. And in the worst case, you will be to blame: it is quite possible that the girl whose heel is stuck in the grating of the coating has set up the situation in order to meet a handsome guy, and you will ruin everything with your help. Therefore, before helping, make sure that the person really needs it. And here's another. The most wrong situation of all possible is to ask for someone. The law “You have to - you do it” only seems selfish - in fact, you can avoid a lot of unnecessary problems that you don’t even think about initially. The desire to help must be clearly balanced against the possible risks in case something goes wrong: this is the logic of the guarantee.

1. DANGEROUS WORD "SHOULD"
Questions of modality are the basis of the foundations of the psychology of leadership. From a huge number of nuances and semantic categories, we bring out the very essence: every time the word “necessary” is heard in a conversation, denoting duty and obligations, it is worth asking the question “Who needs this?”. Even if a work question is at stake, it is important to understand whether it is you who needs to carry out this or that task, whose bonuses will be in the end, and what is the indicator of this “must”? Manipulators are silent about the fact that they need what they want first of all. By the way, one of the main manipulation arenas of your life is your family. So, parents often demand obedience from children even where it destroys their individuality, and children sit on the neck of their parents, who think that it is still “necessary” to support a negligent child. Unfortunately, we are not always able to pose questions in such a way that they have already been “cleared” of manipulative attitudes. To do this, you just need to tell the truth and talk about yourself and your motivation, and not give assessments, imposing on the interlocutor the position of a person who is in debt.

It is important not to confuse really important situations that require your efforts and involvement (submission of a quarterly report, deadlines, etc.), and situations where “must” has nothing to do with your desires and needs.

FOR THE SAKE OF DISCOVERIES OR DEVELOPMENT, SCIENTISTS GO TO THE MOST AMAZING experiments: for example, they try to determine the genre of a film by the composition of the air in a cinema or invent bacterial batteries. But there is little that compares in complexity to even the most seemingly unsophisticated psychological experiment. The behavior of the human psyche is difficult to predict, it is important to take into account the maximum risks, consider the consequences in the long term and, of course, strictly observe confidentiality.

Modern ethical postulates, which are guided by the authors of studies involving humans, began to form a long time ago - starting with the ten points of the Nuremberg Code, adopted in 1947 as a response to the monstrous medical experiments of Josef Mengele in concentration camps. Then came the Declaration of Helsinki, the Belmont Report, the 1993 Council of International Organizations for Medical Sciences (CIOMS) guidelines, and other declarations and rulings. Psychological experiments were discussed separately later - and now the whole world is guided by the annually updated recommendations of the American Psychological Association. We are talking about the most controversial (and simply inhuman) experiments with the psyche of humans and animals, which today would hardly have passed the test of the ethical committee.

In our time, they regularly talk about gender identification and that everyone has the right to decide this issue for themselves. What will happen if the substitution is carried out without the knowledge of a person, for example, in childhood? One case that was not intended as an experiment, but became one, demonstrates that our sense of self is difficult to deceive - and clearly shows how terrible the consequences can be when a person is not allowed to live in harmony with his own gender.

Twins were born in a Canadian family, and one of them, Bruce, was circumcised at the age of seven months due to problems with urination. The operation was complicated, the p***s was badly damaged and had to be removed. After that, the confused parents saw on TV a speech by Professor John Money, who talked about transgender and intersex people. Among other things, he said that the development of children who underwent "corrective" operations at an early age proceeds normally and they adapt well to a new gender. The Raymers approached Mani in person and heard the same thing: the psychologist advised them to have an operation to remove the ge***al glands and raise the child as a girl named Brenda.

The problem was that Brenda did not want to feel like a girl in any way: he did not feel comfortable urinating while sitting, and his figure retained masculine features, which, unfortunately, were mocked by peers. Despite this, John Money continued to publish articles in scientific journals (of course, without naming names), claiming that everything was in order with the child. As a teenager, Brenda had to undergo another operation, this time to create an artificial va**na, in order to complete the "transition". However, the teenager flatly refused to do this - and the parents finally told him what had happened. By the way, the strongest emotional stress that people experienced during Brenda's growing up affected all family members: her mother suffered from depression, her father began to drink more and more often, and her brother closed in on himself.

Brenda's life was bleak: three su***de attempts, changing her name to David, rebuilding her identity, several reconstructive surgeries. David married and adopted his partner's three children, and this story gained fame in 2000 after the publication of John Colapinto's book "Nature made him this way: a boy who was raised as a girl." The story with a happy ending still did not work out: David's psychological difficulties did not go away, and after his brother's overdose, suicidal thoughts did not leave him. After quitting his job and separating from his wife, in May 2004 he committed su***de.

Manipulating people is not so difficult if you do it gradually and rely on authority. This is evidenced by the "Third Wave" experiment, conducted in April 1967 in a California school with the participation of tenth graders. The author was the school history teacher Ron Jones, who wanted to answer the students' question about how people could follow Hi**er, realizing what he was doing.

On Monday, he announced to the students that he planned to create a school youth group, and then talked at length about how important discipline and obedience are in this matter. On Tuesday he talked about the power of unity, on Wednesday about the power of action (already on the third day, several people from other classes joined the "movement"). On Thursday, when the teacher talked about the power of pride, 80 schoolchildren gathered in the audience, and on Friday, almost 200 people listened to a lecture on the "nationwide youth program for the good of the people."

The teacher declared that there was no real movement, and all this was invented to show how easy it is to get carried away with the wrong idea, if it is presented correctly; the schoolchildren left the premises very depressed, and some with tears in their eyes. The fact that a spontaneous school experiment was carried out at all became known only in the late 70s, when Ron Jones spoke about it in one of his pedagogical works. And in 2011, the documentary Lesson Plan was released in the United States - it shows interviews with participants in this experiment.

In 1971, Philip Zimbardo of Stanford University conducted the famous prison experiment to study group behavior and the influence of role on personality traits. Zimbardo and his team assembled a group of 24 students who were considered physically and mentally healthy and signed up to participate in a "psychological study of prison life" for $15 a day. Half of them, as is well known from the 2001 German film The Experiment and its 2010 American remake, became "prisoners" and the other half became "guards."

The experiment itself took place in the basement of Stanford's psychology department, where Zimbardo's team set up a makeshift prison. Participants were given a standard introduction to prison life, including advice for "guards" to avoid violence, but keep order by all means. Already on the second day, the "prisoners" rebelled, barricaded themselves in their cells and ignored the "guards" - and the latter responded with violence. They began to divide "prisoners" into "good" and "bad" and came up with sophisticated punishments for them, including solitary confinement and public humiliation.

The experiment was supposed to last two weeks, but Zimbardo's future wife, psychologist Christina Maslakh, said on the fifth day: "I think what you are doing with these boys is terrible," so the experiment was stopped. Zimbardo received wide recognition and recognition - in 2012 he won another award, the gold medal of the American Psychological Foundation. And everything would be fine if not for one thing, but in the form of a recent publication that called into question the conclusions of this, and therefore thousands of other studies based on the Stanford experiment. Audio recordings remained from the experiment, and after their careful analysis, suspicions arose that the situation got out of control not spontaneously, but at the request of the experimenters.

In the late 1930s, speech researcher Wendell Johnson thought that a teacher who had once told him that he stuttered might be the cause of his stuttering. The assumption seemed strange and illogical, but Johnson decided to test whether value judgments could be the cause of speech problems. Taking on graduate student Mary Taylor as an assistant, Johnson selected two dozen children from a local orphanage - they were ideally suited for the experiment due to the lack of parental authority figures.

The children were randomly divided into two groups: the first was told that their speech was excellent, and the second that they had deviations and could not avoid stuttering. Despite the working hypothesis, not a single person from the group began to stutter at the end of the study - but the children had serious problems with self-esteem, anxiety, and even some signs of stuttering (which, however, disappeared after a few days). Experts now agree that this kind of suggestion can exacerbate stuttering that has already begun - but the roots of the problem should still be sought in neurological processes and genetic predisposition, and not in the rudeness of teachers or parents.

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The section of psychological tests Psychotestodrom will help everyone who wants to better understand themselves.

To be honest means to be able to listen to yourself, to try first of all to understand yourself, and not others.

This is the ability to convey to oneself and to another person one's true desires, without fear of internal and external reactions. I am not advocating taking someone else's property, quitting your job, or leaving your family with small children. I urge you not to make unnecessary sacrifices. Look deep within yourself to find what you came for and what your true purpose in life is.

Perhaps part of your life really should be devoted to being the manager or head of a certain seven. But if you feel signals that the time for change has come, do not think about the opinions of others, act on the basis of your inner understanding.

What about being honest with others?

Here you are - a middle-aged man, married, have three children. Everything, like everyone else - work, family, life, only the wife is too bitchy, very exhausting, especially lately. The fact that she is only interested in money, you understood a long time ago. Her megalomania manifests itself in everything, even she gave birth to three children to show her significance and superiority over others. Here, they say, what I am, but others can’t do that. Live like strangers. When she needs emotions, she starts another scandal and, as a rule, in public, to show what a scoundrel and bastard you are. At first you resisted, but then you realized that it was useless. And suddenly it so happened that at one of the exhibitions you met her. The woman is educated, well-bred. In her conversation with you, she showed respect and even some compassion. You have never experienced this. After several months of communication, you no longer doubted that you had met your woman. But how to be? Your mother, who is attached to her grandchildren, will not withstand such a blow. Your wife will never accept this, it's easier for you to die than to ask her to let you go.

After much thought, you have not been able to be honest with your mother and wife. You are now retired. Your mother died 10 years ago. The children have departed. The wife became even worse over time, she turned into a grumpy old woman. In a dream, you often see the same dream, a large hall of the exhibition hall and a woman examining the exhibits. Perhaps if you had been honest with your mother and wife then, things would be different now? Now you have your own business and you travel a lot with your current wife. You are happy and adore your joint children. Your children from your first marriage also communicate with you and you have a very warm relationship. Thanks to you, they all received a good education and work in prestigious companies. Your ex-wife has found a new victim, who poisons her life with her scandals to this day.

Klyuchevym zdes' yavlyayetsya «v toy ili inoy stepeni». To yest', yesli my svedem ponyatiye chestnost' na bytovoy uroven', to chestnost' deystvitel'no budet zaklyuchat'sya v tom, chtoby ne brat' chto-libo, chto ne prinadlezhit Vam. Poetomu naydennyye na doroge 100 rubley tak i budut dozhidat'sya vozvrashcheniya svoyego khozyaina. A chto yesli v etot moment Vam deystvitel'no nuzhny den'gi, vozmozhno Vy sami segodnya utrom poteryali koshelek, i u Vas net deneg na dorogu domoy. Vy mozhete vozrazit', chto v kakikh-to sluchayakh vzyat' chuzhoye ne grekh, yesli ono deystvitel'no nuzhno v dannyy moment. stremit'sya k tomu, k chemu nas prizyvayet nashe vnutrenneye, a ne vneshneye bytiye. Vot Vy mogli by stat' neprevzoydonnym masterom-oformitelem po floristike i prinosit' radost' drugim svoimi shedevrami. No, k sozhaleniyu, Vy tak i sidite v svoyem ofise i pytayetsya «propikhnut'» ul'trasovremennoye i vysokoeffektivnoye oborudovaniye dlya plastikovykh okon i dverey.
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The key here is "to some extent". That is, if we reduce the concept of honesty to a household level, then honesty will really consist in not taking anything that does not belong to you. Therefore, 100 rubles found on the road will continue to wait for the return of their owner. But what if at this moment you really need money, perhaps you yourself lost your wallet this morning, and you have no money for the way home. You may object that in some cases it is not a sin to take someone else's property if it is really needed at the moment.

strive for what our inner, and not outer being calls us to. Here you could become an unsurpassed florist and bring joy to others with your masterpieces. But, unfortunately, you are still sitting in your office and trying to “push through” ultra-modern and highly efficient equipment for plastic windows and doors.

The key here is "to some extent". That is, if we reduce the concept of honesty to a household level, then honesty will really consist in not taking anything that does not belong to you. Therefore, 100 rubles found on the road will continue to wait for the return of their owner. But what if at this moment you really need money, perhaps you yourself lost your wallet this morning, and you have no money for the way home. You may object that in some cases it is not a sin to take someone else's property if it is really needed at the moment.

Okay, then let's look at the other side of honesty - don't cheat. What is deception? This is when one person wants to get something from another, but the second does not want to do it. Then the first resorts to some tricks or persuasion to force the "victim" to do what he needs. Let's imagine a patient who is terribly afraid of injections. You know that medical care is vital for him, and every hour he gets worse and worse. How to be? Leave a person to die, or go for a trick and somehow trick him into agreeing to life-saving procedures? Here again you can object that in some cases you can go for a deception. Summing up, we can say that the concept of honesty in everyday life is a relative concept. Perhaps the problem is not with the concept as such, but with our perception of this concept? Maybe honesty is much bigger and deeper than simple human life? Perhaps we shouldn't label those properties and qualities in ourselves that we don't understand?

The psychic (its nature, limits, principles of existence) is still terra incognita for scientific knowledge and is constantly becoming a space of speculation and mystification by charlatans. The mental also remains the focus of religions, which assert its universality and primacy over the physical world. The mental is the unique realm in which we all live; regardless of age, gender, profession, education - each of us is a "psychologist" at the household level.

Psychological knowledge is the basis of specific practices. Traditionally, applied psychology is a branch of science focused on the application of psychological knowledge in specific fields of activity (music, political psychology, psychology of education or work); practical psychology is a field of knowledge and research on the forms and methods of using psychological knowledge by psychologists (consultants, trainers). Practical psychology is divided into psychodiagnostics, counseling, correction, psychological assistance.

Psychological knowledge has developed since prehistoric times in the magical and mythological traditions. For the first time as a branch of scientific knowledge, psychology appears in the philosophical teachings of ancient thinkers. In the works of European, Arab philosophers and physicians developed the following issues: the nature of perception, the structure of the psyche, the nature of emotions, psychosomatics, thought processes, the nature of dreams and delusions, the nature of relationships (love, friendship, kinship) and more. To date, a significant impact on scientific ideas about the soul, the mental world has the development of related sciences (medicine, pedagogy) and human practices (art, religion, management), which, in turn, enjoy the achievements of psychology.

Mental - a philosophical category that reflects the phenomena of both human and animal, even plant life. Zoopsychology, which studies the phenomena of the elementary psyche, behavior, cognitive processes in animals, is attributed to both psychological and biological sciences. When we talk about the human psyche, its inherent phenomena, we must remember that it is structurally and qualitatively different from its evolutionary predecessors.

1. The main task of the logic of thinking as a science is to find an answer to the question of the truth or falsity of thinking (mental reasoning, inferences and conclusions), as well as the conditions for obtaining correct or erroneous knowledge as a result of the application (or violation) of logical operations of thinking. The purpose of psychological research in the study of thinking is to understand it as one of the mental processes of a person, including the identification and description of types of thinking, the characteristics of group and individual characteristics of thinking of different people, the connection of thinking with other psychological properties of a person, the study of thinking in its dynamics, including in the process of development, and a number of other issues.
2. Logic cognizes thinking as a certain process, abstracting from specific living people as its carriers, while the main problem of the psychology of thinking is its study as an individually unique process, regardless of the truth or falsity of the conclusions (inferences) drawn on its basis [1] .
3. For logicians, only the highest form of thinking, verbal-logical, really exists and is the subject of their research. Other, less developed types of thinking, for example, visual-effective or visual-figurative, do not interest them. The situation is different in psychology. It recognizes the existence of many different kinds of thinking, and all of them are equally the subject of psychological study.
4. The logic of thinking, as a rule, does not consider human thinking in the process of its development, i.e. as a transition from one type (level of development) of thinking to its other type (level of development). For psychologists, on the contrary, the study of the process of formation and improvement of human thinking is one of the most important tasks.
5. Logic takes verbal-logical thinking as initially given, as a kind of postulate that does not require the formulation and resolution of the question of its nature and origin. Psychology, on the other hand, turns the very fact of the existence of verbal-logical thinking into a problem, and in relation to it raises and solves questions about the origin (genesis) of thinking (see, for example, the works of J. Piaget and L. S. Vygotsky).
6. Logicians are mainly interested only in general, formal laws of thinking, while psychologists show an increased interest in its and 11 individual features.

The famous Swiss scientist J. Piaget identified the differences in approaches to the study of thinking from the side of psychology and logic in the best way. The difference in the logical and psychological approaches to the study of thinking, in his opinion, is expressed in the following points.

In the modern scientific world, not only logic and psychology, but also philosophy, cognitive and computer sciences have begun to claim the right to be called the sciences of human thinking, and in this regard, there is a need to clarify and separate these sciences according to the subject of their research in relation to thinking. We in this textbook, first of all, will be interested in the division of subjects for the study of thinking in logic and psychology, especially since both in logic and psychology, as before, predominant attention is paid to the study of human verbal-logical thinking.

When it appeared in the second half of the XIX century. Since Charles Darwin's theory of evolution received universal recognition, then under its influence, psychologists began to study prelogical forms of thinking in higher animals and young children. Scientists at that time discovered and described other types of thinking that had little to do with logic. This is visual-effective and visual-figurative thinking. However, the main subject of study, at least at the human level, was earlier and still remains verbal-logical thinking, inherent only to people.