Antipsychiatry / Against Antipsychotics

!!! There are TWO very important brain function enhancement nutrtional medicine that can enhance brain function and combat even the worst side effects of antipsychotic sedation !!!

They are:
1) Phosphatidyl-serine (speed enhancement at least 2 times),
2) Phosphatidyl-choline (brain gray matter growth stimulation and material base)

All the best! 🙏

Yan, Shanghai China

NO antipsychotics are good! If they force, trick them to give you low dose 2- Abilify pills - they are small so it's easy to discard or throw away!

Don't let them give you injections! Use every tactic - be mild.

Please be vegan - little animals' Divine is watching over us too!

All the best!
Yan Liu, Shanghai
2022.7.3

This is totally a crime - giving autistic man antipsychotics and detaining him in mental hospital for more than 20 years! He could have lived with his family and had a wonderful life during the past 20 years! Can't believe it!

A flawed Mental Health Act allows many evil things to happen!

https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-59733934

The Canadian Vancouver RCMP police illegally arrested retired family doctor Dr. Melvin Buchet under the Mental Health Act, who questions the abnormal stillbirths at Lions Gate Hospital and the stillbirths in Waterloo Region and, after arresting him, then the psychiatrist gave out a potential diagnosis of frontal lobe dementia - this is brazenly unlawful, corrupt, and hypocrisy. If the officials don't agree with the doctors' statement or questioning, they should initiate legal investigations on the matter, instead of illegally arresting the elder doctor, then later giving out a diagnosis, and confining the doctor in the mental ward at Lions Gate Hospital, under the Mental Health Act. This is horrific and an obvious n**i style! And this cannot be tolerated. This shows the abusing of the full-of-loopholes Mental Health Act, crooked psychiatrists and harbouring related psychiatrists, staff and hospital, and the hatchet police. If this cannot be changed constitutionally to protect human rights and prevent misusing the Mental Health Act, then any of our upright future generations living in Canada can be illegally be put into psychiatric ward! Please write to the parliament about this matter!

The Incidence Leaked - https://www.bitchute.com/video/sQsnqzVZjOJX/

Dr. Daniel Nagase Speech Part 1 - https://www.bitchute.com/video/t4mY4Mhi6XUa/

Dr. Daniel Nagase Speech Part 2 - https://www.bitchute.com/video/Y1OktlqTrJdf/

Well explained.

Research shows that brain thickness reduction (brain shrinking) is caused by antipsychotics use among people with Schizophrenia. Free the people from the brain-damaging antipsychotics!

https://www.madinamerica.com/2018/07/new-research-suggests-brain-abnormalities-schizophrenia-result-antipsychotic-drugs/

Research Suggests Brain Abnormalities in ‘Schizophrenia’ Result From Antipsychotics Study finds that reduced cortical thickness and brain surface area associated with 'schizophrenia' may result from antipsychotic drug use.

Some mental health issues are caused by spiritual warfare against the evil in the world. The article comprehends it so well from a Christian perspective but I think God or the Good Force of the universe is universal. Evil spirits can be like dark fluids that are unseen but pervade the space. It or they can use anything like antipsychotics or anyone like some ignorant and proud doctors to destroy innocent good people. Good people need to be smart and independent to protect themselves. For example, perhaps hearing positive voices is a sign of being chosen by the Good Force. When you are in your darkest moment, remember Jesus is a sufferer too but he is so great!

https://www.christianity.com/wiki/christian-life/what-is-spiritual-warfare.html

What Is Spiritual Warfare? Sometimes it is hard to truly comprehend a threat that comes from things that are unseen. However, God warns us that the threat of spiritual warfare is very real and to arm ourselves with what He has given us.

Norwegian government thinks that the harm from antipsyschotics outweighs their benefits and orders drug-free treatment. Forced psychiatric medication is a violation of human rights because antipsychotics are not backed by any sound scientific proofs and will cause breast cancer and many severe side effects including brain structure alterations and damage. Wish other countries can abandon antipsychotics treatment soon!

https://www.madinamerica.com/2017/03/the-door-to-a-revolution-in-psychiatry-cracks-open/

Norway orders drug-free treatment in psychiatry Norway orders drug-free treatment in psychiatry

Research shows that there is no evidence for the dopamine theory of Schizophrenia.... Show your psychiatrist if they want you to be on those poisoning antipsychotics based on dopamine hypothesis!

https://www.facebook.com/353482161344157/posts/6995408367151470/?app=fbl

Meta-Analysis Finds No Support for Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia A new meta-analysis of data from individuals at high risk for schizophrenia finds no evidence for the dopamine hypothesis.

Phophatidylserine can enhance the neuronal membranes [1, 2, 3] and further make information delivery quicker in the brain. Phosphatidylcholine can increase brain gray matter and further improve memory [4]. Both of them are liver protectors [5, 6]. The Jarrow Brain Optimizer supplement contains both ingredients and worth a try.

P.S. I don't have any connection with the supplement brands I recommend.

[1] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0163782714000289
[2]https://www.nanotechnologystore.com/(9)-Phosphatidylserine-Membrane-Nutrient-for-Memory.pdf
[3] https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.biophys.093008.131234
[4] https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/ben/npj/2016/00000006/00000004/art00003
[5] https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10717544.2017.1399301
[6]https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Parris-Kidd/publication/279655112_Phosphatidylcholine_A_Superior_Protectant_Against_Liver_Damage/links/5935cade0f7e9beee7e6cbd3/Phosphatidylcholine-A-Superior-Protectant-Against-Liver-Damage.pdf

https://www.amazon.ca/Jarrow-Formulas-Optimizer-Supports-Function/dp/B0013OVVMI/ref=sr_1_11?dchild=1&keywords=phosphatidylserine+phosphatidylcholine&qid=1622057120&sr=8-11

Jarrow Formulas Neuro Optimizer, Supports Brain Health and Function, 120 Caps Jarrow Formulas Neuro Optimizer, Supports Brain Health and Function, 120 Caps

Please help sign on the petition about asking the Canadian government to investigate long-term use of antipsychotics! Thanks!

https://petitions.ourcommons.ca/en/Petition/Details?Petition=e-2930

Petition e-2930 - Petitions There is no obligation on the part of the House of Commons or any Member of Parliament to authorize the publication of an e-petition or to present an e-petition or a paper petition to the House of Commons. Neither the House of Commons nor any Member of Parliament authorizing the publication of an e-...

Breast cancer can be caused by antipsychotics use. Below are the 3 papers about the oestrogen receptor positive breast cancer danger from Olanzapine [1], Risperidone [1, 2, 3], and Paliperidone (Invega) [3]. It would be great if doctors and patient families can all be aware of this! The antipsychotics should be phased out and stop to be prescribed by psychiatrists around the globe. And also I hope agencies can initiate education programs to educate patient families and medical field workers about the detrimental effects from the antipsychotics currently on the market.

[1] Pottegård, A., Lash, T.L., Cronin‐Fenton, D., Ahern, T.P. and Damkier, P., 2018. Use of antipsychotics and risk of breast cancer: a Danish nationwide case–control study. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 84(9), pp.2152-2161. https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/bcp.13661 (Please carefully see the result and conclusion part in the pdf version.)

[2] Johnston, A.N., Bu, W., Hein, S., Garcia, S., Camacho, L., Xue, L., Qin, L., Nagi, C., Hilsenbeck, S.G., Kapali, J. and Podsypanina, K., 2018. Hyperprolactinemia-inducing antipsychotics increase breast cancer risk by activating JAK-STAT5 in precancerous lesions. Breast Cancer Research, 20(1), p.42. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13058-018-0969-z

[3] Chou, A.I.W., Wang, Y.C., Lin, C.L. and Kao, C.H., 2017. Female schizophrenia patients and risk of breast cancer: A population-based cohort study. Schizophrenia research, 188, pp.165-171. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0920996417300282?via%3Dihub

Patients on risperidone, paliperidone, and amisulpride had a significantly higher risk than the non-schizophrenic cohort (aHR, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.36 to 2.82).

Best wishes!

Female schizophrenia patients and risk of breast cancer: A population-based cohort study Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer in women. This population-based cohort study aimed to examine the association between breast cancer in…

Natural Stacks' amino acid supplement products, acetylcholine, dopamine and CILTEP, can alleviate the side effects (e.g. lack of motivation and short memory) from antipsychotics such as Abilify so well!

If you cannot get off antipsychotics and cannot change your psychiatrist, try these supplements! Most effective supplements to counteract the side effects till now! Highly recommended!

Acetylcholine supplement!

Dopamine supplement (improve motivation):
https://www.naturalstacks.com/products/dopamine

CILTEP (improve short- and long-term memory):
https://www.naturalstacks.com/products/ciltep

CILTEP® Nootropic Stack - 60ct CILTEP® is a natural formula designed to safely enhance the brain's ability to form vivid, long-lasting memories and remain sharply motivated and focused for hours.

If you have intense work to do and cannot go off antipsychotics, try coffee leaf tea to stay focused for a whole day!

It has the same low caffeine level as in a cup of light green tea but it has high concentrations of chlorogenic acid and mangiferin to let people stay focused and fight with oxidation.

https://ca.wizemonkey.com/

Wize Monkey Think Outside The Bean and Drink Coffee Leaf Tea! Our farm-direct coffee leaf teas are smooth, sustainable, packed with antioxidants, and they're breaking the poverty cycle for coffee farmers.

Hope you can sign the petition to support a mental healthcare system reform in Canada!

Current mental health system in Canada is not perfect, having many problems. Please help and show your strong support and care!

We are together on this journey to make the world a better place! Hang on!

https://www.change.org/p/government-of-canada-reform-current-mental-health-system-in-canada

Sign the Petition Reform Current Mental Health System in Canada

D-serine supplementation can help with both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and cognitive functions.

After trying even 1 capsule of phosphatidyl-serine will make your antipsychotic side effects relieved a lot and make you think and act quicker.

If you cannot go off antipsychotics now, try phosphatidyl-serine natural supplement to counteract the side effects from antipsyschotics! Phosphatidyl-serine can be bought from Amazon - not expensive!

Cheers!

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006322398002790

D-serine added to antipsychotics for the treatment of schizophrenia Background: Hypofunction of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype glutamate receptor has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. D-seri…

A new way of treating and accompanying schizophrenic people - Soteria House!

No enforced antipsychotics treatment, no hospitalization, and no institutionalization are implemented in Soteria House.

Even better, crisis line or spiritual/psychotherapy care team can come to your home to provide spiritual/sociopsychological assistance before any medications or hospitalization would be started!

Hang on and have hope!

https://youtu.be/uaawL-135pE

Soteria Vermont Presentation Project Developer Steven Morgan presents on the development of Soteria-Vermont, which will be a residence for folks having a first psychotic break that facil...

Glutamate supplementation can increase the acetylcholine level in the brain and this enhance brain performance. If you cannot go off antipsychotics right now - try natural amino acid acetylcholine supplements to see if they can give you more motive!

Remember to do your research through google scholar a bit before purchasing!

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28655701

Impact of oral supplementation of Glutamate and GABA on memory performance and neurochemical profile in hippocampus of rats. - PubMed - NCBI Pak J Pharm Sci. 2017 May;30(3(Suppl.)):1013-1021.

Antipsychotics can cause your brain to shrink!

Please write advocacy letters, start government petitions and join parade to stop enforced antipsychotics treatment!

https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/schizophrenia/antipsychotics-and-shrinking-brain

Antipsychotics and the Shrinking Brain Psychosis at any phase of the illness can be extremely distressing, disruptive, and potentially dangerous for patient and family.

Forced admission & treatment are severe violations of human rights. And they should be abolished.

https://youtu.be/2gZq5_17EJ0

Psych-Drugs Harm - Four: Peter Gøtzsche - Stop Forced Treatment - Sept. 16, 2015 - CPH Psychiatric Drugs Do More Harm Than Good - Part Four: Dr. Peter C. Gøtzsche - A Psychiatry Without Forced Admission and Treatment is a Must. Unbelievably, a ...

Stop labeling people based on no scientific diagnosis! It doesn't help - it hurts.

https://youtu.be/tgilBaRbulc

“There Are No Rules About Psychiatric Diagnosis — And That Must End!” Paula J. Caplan, NARPA 9/4/14 Paula J. Caplan, PhD, discusses the unscientific nature of psychiatric diagnoses and how much harm they cause. She also reveals that psychiatrist Allen Franc...

Next time you tell your psychiatrist when they use the diabetes analogy. Diabetic people have low insulin so they need insulin but depressed people don't have low antidepressant level and who said they need antidepressants - no serotonin exams are done on them, and probably they just need serotonin supplements. Don't be fooled by the psychiatry field.

https://youtu.be/ZMhsPnoIdy4

Peter Gøtzsche - Overdiagnosed & Overmedicated In his talk, Peter will discuss the various ways in which psychiatry may be harming rather than helping its patients, citing evidence from his latest book "D...

Robert Whitaker, a fighter for debunking the use of antipsychotics. Listen to what he says! Antipsychotics act as the generators of psychosis and tardive dyskinesia!

https://youtu.be/NNvCyUC_LPc

Part 2: The Scope of the Epidemic - Whitaker - Psychiatric Epidemic - May 14, 2014 Robert Whitaker, author of "Anatomy of an Epidemic" is speaking here at PsykoVision's conference on the Psychiatric Epidemic in Copenhagen. In Part 2, Whitak...

Psychiatric medications especially antipsychotics cause brain shrinking, neuron dopamine terminal loss, and brain damage. Even antidepressants can have adverse cardiac side effects. Brain neurotransmitter levels and brain activity should be first determined to see if medications are needed or not, or it is just nutritional dificiency.

https://youtu.be/luKsQaj0hzs

Psychiatric Drugs Are More Dangerous than You Ever Imagined Visit Dr. Breggin's website @ https://breggin.com ...Read: Psychiatric Drug Withdrawal: A Guide for Prescribers, Therapists, Patients and their Families by P...

SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) brain imaging can show the root cause of mental health issues in the brain. The technique needs to be adopted by current psychiatry guidelines immediately.

https://youtu.be/esPRsT-lmw8

The most important lesson from 83,000 brain scans | Daniel Amen | TEDxOrangeCoast Never miss a talk! SUBSCRIBE to the TEDx channel: http://bit.ly/1FAg8hB In the spirit of ideas worth spreading, TEDx is a program of local, self-organized ev...

1. Hypotheses on Schizophrenia and Psychosis - Dopamine Hypothesis is Just a Final Pathway Factor
There are many hypotheses on the root causes of schizophrenia or psychosis. The dopamine hypothesis that most antipsychotics are based on from the perspective of molecular neurobiology is just one of the hypotheses suggested by the neuroscience field. The dopamine hypothesis that dopamine imbalance in the brain is the root cause of schizophrenia has not been proven to true or not yet and has received many critiques from the neuroscience field.
Dopamine is the hormone found in the brain mainly responsible in the pleasure and reward pathway of the brain. It is produced naturally in the body and also deals with the memory and motor control function of your body [1]. This chemical (neurotransmitter) is directly connected to your feelings of pleasure and reward and is important in making us feel happy, motivated, and focused. When your dopamine levels are low either because of drug use, poor nutrition, lack of sleep, stress and chronic use of antidepressants, a lot of symptoms like mood swings, poor attention levels, food cravings and depression can manifest. People who suffer from low dopamine level are more likely to form some kind of addiction. In particular, one dopamine receptor is linked to people’s “risk-taking” side [1].
Take athletes as example to refute the hyper dopamine hypothesis, athletes usually have high level of dopamine in their brain but they do not have a tendency to develop schizophrenia and usually be considered as very healthy, physically and mentally. So hyper dopamine hypothesis might not even reason out well from common sense.
Research shows that both dopamine excess and deficiency exist in the brain of schizophrenia but not naively only dopamine excess which most antipsychotics rely on as the basic assumption. Abi-Dargham (2004) provided evidence for the co-existence of subcortical dopamine excess and cortical dopamine deficit in the schizophrenic brain through neuroreceptor imaging techniques, such as SPECT and PET [2]. Therefore, dopamine does not only exhibit high but also low level in the schizophrenic brain.
However, antipsychotics, designed mostly to inhibit high dopamine level as dopamine receptor antagonists or agonists, would cause low dopamine level in the brain, while not considering the dopamine deficit in some areas, which suggest most of the antipsychotics targeting schizophrenia have their rudimentary limitations and will further cause symptoms similar to Parkinson’ Disease [3], brain tissue loss under both high dose of antipsychotics [4], [5] and even lowest effective dose [6], low brain performance [7], decline in verbal learning and short memory [8], loss of dopamine neuron terminal [9], etc.
Especially, Seeman and Tinazzi (2013) found out that the rate of cell loss was apparently increased by approximately three-fold, to about 15% per decade, in schizophrenia patients using antipsychotics on a long-term basis, compared to 5% brain cell loss per decade in normal people, as measured by the in vivo imaging of the dopamine transporters in the dopamine neuron terminals [9], providing the evidence for the brain cell loss caused by long-term use of antipsychotics.
Plitman et al. (2019) also summarized that the dopamine hypothesis fails to account for the heterogeneity observed amongst patients with schizophrenia. Antipsychotic treatment has limited efficacy for a subset (20–35%) of patients with schizophrenia. Further, the dopamine hypothesis does not account for negative and cognitive symptomatology [10].
Noorbala et al. (1999) mentioned that the hyperdopaminergic theory of schizophrenia can explain only the positive symptoms (e.g. hallucinations) of schizophrenia, whereas the glutamate hypothesis may provide a more comprehensive view of the illness [11].
Coyle (2006) also pointed out that after 50 years of antipsychotic drug development focused on the dopamine D2 receptor, schizophrenia remains a chronic, disabling disorder for most affected individuals [12]. He also summarized that studies over the last decade demonstrate that administration of low doses of NMDA receptor antagonists can cause in normal subjects the negative symptoms, cognitive impairments and physiologic disturbances observed in schizophrenia [12].
Lau et al. (2013) also summarized that dopamine acts as the common final pathway of a wide variety of predisposing factors, either environmental, genetic, or both, that lead to the disease. Other neurotransmitters, such as glutamate and adenosine, may also collaborate with dopamine to give rise to the entire picture of schizophrenia [13].
Not solving the root causes from e.g. pressure and negative relationships would not help the people in schizophrenia effectively. Prescribing the dopamine or serotonin related medications to the people would not solve the early brain chemical pathway problems.
New cellular neurobiological study by Plitman (2018) shows that glial cell activation in antipsychotic-naïve patients experiencing their first non-affective episode of psychosis, which may have consequent effects on the dysregulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission within the striatum and suggests that one possible link between glial dysfunction and NMDA receptor hypofunction that results in downstream hyperglutamatergia and excitotoxicity may be KYNA (Kynurenic Acid), an endogenous NMDA receptor antagonist produced by activated astrocytes, that may contribute to the symptoms of schizophrenia and lead to downstream glutamatergic disruptions [14].
Furthermore, KYNA, present in human amniotic fluid, is indicated to be the active in the development of the human digestive tract and is suggested to be added to baby formulas [15].
Glutamate is responsible for sending signals between nerve cells, and under normal conditions it plays an important role in learning and memory.
NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor is a glutamate receptor and ion channel protein found in nerve cells. The NMDA receptor is very important for controlling synaptic plasticity and memory function.
So inhibiting these chemicals is irrational and dangerous. The current feasible solution might be supplements to increase the level of one or several chemicals in the study.
Researches also support that schizophrenic patients should supplement glutamate, GABA, and d-serine as upstream chemical pathway intervetions. Kim et al. (1980) found low, about half the normal value, cerebrospinal fluid glutamate in schizophrenic patients, not due to neuroleptics indicated by preliminary evidence, and established a new hypothesis on schizophrenia [16], suggesting glutamate supplementation is crucial treatment method for schizophrenia. Gordon (2010) also reported a decrease in NMDA receptor signaling during a particular developmental window in interneurons can induce cellular and behavioral changes similar to those seen in schizophrenia [17], which supports the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia. Noorbala et al. (1999) found that Piracetam, a member of the nootropic class of drugs receptor, sharing the same 2-oxo-pyrrolidone base structure with pyroglutamic acid and is a cyclic derivative of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) [18], and a positive modulator of glutamate, shows additional therapeutic benefit in treating schizophrenic patients to typical neuroleptics treatment alone [11], supporting the glutamate GABA hypothesis. Hu et al. (2015) found consistent evidence of morphological alterations of dendrites of glutamatergic neurons in the cerebral cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and of reduced levels of the axon bouton marker synaptophysin [19], providing evidence for the glutamate hypothesis. Sherman et al. (1991) found that a deficiency in NMDA (and possibly KA) receptor functioning in schizophrenics and supported the "second-generation" theories of schizophrenia as a glutamatergic deficiency disorder [20].
Yoon et al. (2010) found that the schizophrenia group had an approximately 10% reduction in GABA concentration through magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and suggested that a neocortical GABA deficit in subjects with schizophrenia leads to impaired cortical inhibition and that GABAergic synaptic transmission in visual cortex plays a critical role in OSSS, supporting the GABA theory [21].
Cho et al. (2016) found out that low d-serine levels in schizophrenic patients [22]. Tabassum et al. (2017) found that oral supplementation of glutamate and GABA enhances memory performance via increasing acetylcholine and significantly improve learning and memory performance and neurochemical status of brain [23].
Researches also show that glutamate has anti-anxiety effects [24], [25] but it has seldomly been recommended by psychiatrists. The current guideline has a tendency to only prescribe antipsychotics based on hyperactive dopamine or serotonin hypothesis but not prescribe natural supplements, which is a systematic bias to exclude whole bunches of natural nutritional supplements or remedies. And medications are not tried out from the most basic and most mild nutritional medicines - this tendency is dangerous because antipsychotics are strong and have severe side effects. These antipsychotics can bind to neuron cells and cause life-long damage to our brain [4]–[6], [9].
If it's a psychological problem then it should be treated by psychological methods, and if it is a neurological problem then it should be treated by neurological treatments. No dopamine or serotonin level was examined in order to determine which medications to give out or if dopamine or serotonin levels exceed normal range. And treated and untreated schizophrenia patients have the same N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) reduction in hippocampus (HIPPO) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) [26], which again points out the inefficacy of antipsychotics on treating schizophrenia but the importance of amino nutrition supplementations. N‐acetyl aspartate (NAA) is an amino acid that is present in the vertebrate brain. It is a marker of creativity. High NAA levels in the hippocampus are related to better working memory performance in humans [27].
In general, the dopamine hypothesis that hyperactive dopamine in the brain, which almost all the antipsychotics rely on, is studied to be final pathway of chemical abnormality in the brain but not the root cause of the illness. However, these antipsychotics can lower the dopamine to a dangerous level that treated patients experience adverse negative side effects e.g. lack of motivation, difficulty of speech, drowsiness. And most psychiatrists follow the guideline that does not focus on supplementation of glutamate, GABA and d-serine which are supported by many newly published research studies. This current regime is dangerous and need immediate correction in the psychiatry field. Government must take actions to stop the antipsychotics based on partially wrong hypothesis but provide better, more correct amino acid nutritional supplementations to people in need based on highly supported glutamate GABA hypothesis. Some antipsychotics also have serotonin-inhibiting functions. Low serotonin also has severe effects on mood disorder.
2. Deficiency of Dopamine and Serotonin
Severe dopamine deficiency (as in Parkinson’s disease) causes a degenerative decline of a person’s motor skills. This effect on the body’s movement and control can be permanent and includes muscle tremors and rigidity [1].
Serotonin deficiency is a common contributor to mood problems. Serotonin is key to our feelings of happiness and very important for our emotions because it helps defend against both anxiety and depression [28].
3. Side effects from Antipsychotics
Antipsychotics have huge side effects and shows to cause brain tissue loss [4], [5] even under lowest effective doze [6]. The other serious side effects from antipsychotics include periodontal disease [29], orthostatic hypotension, neurocardiogenic syncope, QTc prolongation, arrhythmia, dizziness, ventricular fibrillation, myocarditis, cardiomyopathy, other severe cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, and sudden death [30]–[32], sleepiness and mental clouding [33], psychomotor inhibition, indifference, extrapyramidal symptoms [34], hyperprolactinemia related to breast cancer among women and men, hypogonadism, menstrual disturbances, galactorrhea, gynecomastia and osteoporosis [35]–[38], weight gain, hyperglycemia, diabetes and related cardiovascular disease [39]–[43], further exacerbate depression [35], leave withdrawal syndrome [44], and lower seizure threshold [45], [46], such that the patients cannot take care of themselves and only rely on outer support.
4. References
[1] Amino Neuro Frequency Therapy, “Symptoms of Dopamine Deficiency - ANF Therapy.” [Online]. Available: https://www.anftherapy.com/brain/symptoms-of-dopamine-deficiency/. [Accessed: 17-Nov-2019].
[2] A. Abi-Dargham, “Do we still believe in the dopamine hypothesis? New data bring new evidence,” Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., vol. 7, no. 5, pp. S1–S5, 2004.
[3] G. Kharkwal et al., “Parkinsonism Driven by Antipsychotics Originates from Dopaminergic Control of Striatal Cholinergic Interneurons,” Neuron, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 67–78, 2016.
[4] D. Krause and O. Pogarell, “Shrinking Brain and Schizophrenia: A Review of Current Studies on the Effect of Antipsychotic Medication on Gray Matter Volume,” Psych Ment. Disord, vol. 1, p. 102, 2017.
[5] A. Vita, L. De Peri, G. Deste, S. Barlati, and E. Sacchetti, “The Effect of Antipsychotic Treatment on Cortical Gray Matter Changes in Schizophrenia: Does the Class Matter? A Meta-analysis and Meta-regression of Longitudinal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies,” Biol. Psychiatry, vol. 78, no. 6, pp. 403–412, Sep. 2015.
[6] R. Emsley, L. Asmal, S. Du Plessis, B. Chiliza, L. Phahladira, and S. Kilian, “Brain volume changes over the first year of treatment in schizophrenia: Relationships to antipsychotic treatment,” Psychol. Med., vol. 47, no. 12, pp. 2187–2196, Sep. 2017.
[7] A. P. Husa et al., “Lifetime antipsychotic medication and cognitive performance in schizophrenia at age 43 years in a general population birth cohort,” Psychiatry Res., vol. 247, pp. 130–138, 2017.
[8] A. P. Husa et al., “Lifetime use of antipsychotic medication and its relation to change of verbal learning and memory in midlife schizophrenia - An observational 9-year follow-up study,” Schizophr. Res., vol. 158, no. 1–3, pp. 134–141, 2014.
[9] P. Seeman and M. Tinazzi, “Loss of dopamine neuron terminals in antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia; relation to tardive dyskinesia,” Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, vol. 44. pp. 178–183, 01-Jul-2013.
[10] E. Plitman, E. Guma, M. Lepage, J. Near, and M. M. Chakravarty, “Using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging to study glutamatergic alterations in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review,” Schizophr. Res., vol. 210, pp. 13–20, 2019.
[11] A. A. Noorbala, S. Akhondzadeh, R. Davari-Ashtiani, and H. Amini-Nooshabadi, “Piracetam in the treatment of schizophrenia: implications for the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia,” J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., vol. 24, no. 5, pp. 369–374, Oct. 1999.
[12] J. T. Coyle, “Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis.,” Cellular and molecular neurobiology, vol. 26, no. 4–6. pp. 365–384, 2006.
[13] C. I. Lau, H. C. Wang, J. L. Hsu, and M. E. Liu, “Does the dopamine hypothesis explain schizophrenia?,” Rev. Neurosci., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 389–400, 2013.
[14] E. Plitman, “Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Study Neurometabolic and Neuroanatomical Alterations in Patients with Schizophrenia by,” University of Toronto, 2018.
[15] P. Milart et al., “Kynurenic acid as the neglected ingredient of commercial baby formulas,” Sci. Rep., vol. 9, no. 1, Dec. 2019.
[16] J. S. Kim, H. H. Kornhuber, W. Schmid-Burgk, and B. Holzmoller, “LOW CEREBROSPINAL FLUID GLUTAMATE IN SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS AND A NEW HYPOTHESIS ON SCHIZOPHRENIA,” 1980.
[17] J. A. Gordon, “Testing the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia,” Nature Neuroscience, vol. 13, no. 1. pp. 2–4, 2010.
[18] “Piracetam - DrugBank.” [Online]. Available: https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB09210. [Accessed: 15-Nov-2019].
[19] W. Hu, M. L. Macdonald, D. E. Elswick, and R. A. Sweet, “The glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia: Evidence from human brain tissue studies,” Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci., vol. 1338, no. 1, pp. 38–57, 2015.
[20] A. D. Sherman, T. S. Hegwood, S. Baruah, and R. Waziri, “Deficient NMDA-mediated glutamate release from synaptosomes of schizophrenics,” Biol. Psychiatry, vol. 30, no. 12, pp. 1191–1198, 1991.
[21] T. Takeuchi, S. Takenosh*ta, F. Taka, M. Nakao, and K. Nomura, “The Relationship between Psychotropic Drug Use and Suicidal Behavior in Japan: Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report,” Pharmacopsychiatry, vol. 50, no. 02, pp. 69–73, Sep. 2016.
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