CSS NOTES

Today's precis and composition paper-CSS 24

Today css essay paper

1. Prime Minister's Address at COP28: Climate Challenge as a Water Challenge

Caretaker PM Anwaarul Haq Kakar emphasizes the urgency of adapting Pakistan to climate change, particularly addressing water challenges in the Indus Basin.

Pakistan ranks 8th globally in vulnerability to climate change impacts.

The 'Living Indus Initiative' aims to restore the ecological health of the Indus within Pakistan's borders.

Calls for compensation for countries disproportionately affected by climate disasters.

2. Climate Finance and UAE's Contribution

PM acknowledges the importance of financial support for climate adaptation and mitigation.

UAE announces $30 billion for the operationalization of the LDF (Loss and Damage Fund).

3. Two-State Solution for Sustainable Peace

PM stresses the need for a two-state solution for the Palestine issue with East Jerusalem as the capital.

Advocates for sustainable peace and addresses refugee and Kashmir issues.

4. Green Pakistan Initiative at COP28

NDMA presents the Green Pakistan Initiative to align development, humanitarian, and climate finance.

Emphasis on proactive disaster management and climate-smart agriculture collaboration.

NDMA Chairman engages with World Bank and International Rescue Committee representatives.

5. Health Minister's Involvement in COP28

Caretaker Health Minister Dr. Nadeem Jan participates in a panel discussion on urgent carbon emission reduction.

Advocates for global efforts toward zero carbon emissions and emphasizes clean energy acceleration.

6. Global Environmental Leaders' Meeting

Health Minister to meet top leaders of global environmental organizations.

Focus on forming an effective strategy to reduce harmful gas emissions.

These key points provide an overview of the article's coverage of Pakistan's initiatives and engagements at COP28 related to climate change and environmental issues.

Title: A Vision for a More Effective Climate Pact

Main Points:

COP28 Challenges:

The UN's COP28 climate summit in Dubai faces challenges due to the requirement for unanimous decisions from all 197 states.

The annual COP conferences lack impactful outcomes despite the urgent need for significant climate action.

Alternative Approach:

Proposes an alternative approach where powerful nations, particularly China and the United States, set bold emission reduction targets among themselves.

Suggests these nations could then influence the rest of the world to follow suit.

Hurdles with China and the U.S.:

Identifies China and the United States as major contributors to greenhouse gases (25% and 11% in 2021, respectively).

Both nations are hesitant to cut emissions at the required pace, hindering global progress.

Fair Share Methodology:

Recommends assessing each country's fair share based on emissions per capita, starting from the 1992 Rio Earth Summit.

Highlights the need for the U.S. and China to significantly improve on their current emission reduction pledges.

Role of G20:

Envisions the U.S. leading rich democracies in the G20 to collectively account for 74% of emissions.

Suggests China could influence Russia and emphasizes the importance of assisting less prosperous nations in their green transitions.

Global Cooperation and Leverage:

Calls for G20 countries to encourage worldwide compliance through a combination of incentives and penalties, including carbon border tariffs.

Acknowledges existing obstacles, including potential political shifts like the return of Donald Trump.

Current Climate Action:

Acknowledges ongoing efforts such as companies adopting green technologies and COP conferences exerting moral pressure.

Emphasizes the need for more substantial global leadership to avert a climate disaster.

Conclusion:

Urges world leaders to take more decisive actions beyond current efforts, emphasizing the importance of a collaborative and impactful approach to combat climate change.

Download link:( size 110MB)
Use stable network for downloading

Download Now ⬇️

essays by hamood.pdf

HYBRID WARFARE IN THE PERFECTIVE OF PAKISTAN

"Proxy wars are the modern-day manifestations of geopolitics, where nations wage battles through surrogates to protect their interests." - Mohsin Hamid
INTRODUCTION:

Hybrid warfare is a complex form of conflict that combines conventional military tactics with non-military means to achieve strategic objectives. In the context of Pakistan, this approach has been employed by various actors, and it involves a mix of instruments and techniques. Here's an overview:

Proxy Militancy: One of the most well-known aspects of hybrid warfare in Pakistan is the use of proxy militant groups. State and non-state actors have supported and utilized these groups to further their interests in the region. TTP,BLA AND BLF are sponsored by foreign powers are examples to mention.

Information Warfare: Disinformation campaigns, propaganda, and the manipulation of media play a significant role in hybrid warfare. False narratives and fake news are disseminated to create confusion, sow discord, and shape perceptions. Social media platforms are often used for this purpose.

Cyber Operations: Cyberattacks and cyber espionage are also integral to hybrid warfare. State-sponsored hacking and cyberattacks targeting government institutions, infrastructure, and critical systems are commonly used tactics.

Economic Pressure: Economic tools such as sanctions and financial restrictions can be employed to weaken the target country economically. This can include attempts to disrupt trade, reduce foreign investment, or limit access to international financial markets.

Political Influence: Hybrid warfare often involves efforts to influence the political landscape through covert support for certain political parties or individuals. This can lead to internal political instability.

"In the realm of proxy warfare, the lines between friend and foe blur, and nations are mere pawns in a global chess game." - Kamila Shamsie

Subversion: Fomenting internal unrest and supporting separatist movements is another technique used in hybrid warfare. Balochistan, for example, has seen a long-standing separatist movement with alleged external support.

Diplomatic Maneuvering: Skillful diplomatic tactics, including using international forums to push agendas, are part of hybrid warfare. Pakistan has faced diplomatic pressure and isolation on several occasions due to regional conflicts.

Irregular Warfare: Irregular forces, including militias and insurgent groups, may be supported or used by external actors to achieve strategic goals. This can create instability within Pakistan's borders.

Energy Security: Threats to energy infrastructure can also be used as a tool in hybrid warfare. Disruptions to the energy supply can have far-reaching economic and security implications.

Deniable Actions: Hybrid warfare often involves actions that are difficult to attribute directly to a state or group, providing plausible deniability for the actors involved.

It's important to note that the situation is dynamic, and the use of hybrid warfare tactics can evolve over time. Pakistan has faced these challenges from multiple fronts, including conflicts in Afghanistan and tensions with India. Countering hybrid warfare requires a comprehensive strategy that encompasses military, economic, political, and information dimensions, along with international cooperation to address the root causes of these conflicts

Writing a good essay involves several key steps:

Understand the Assignment: Carefully read and understand the essay prompt or assignment. Identify the topic, purpose, and any specific requirements.

Research: Gather relevant information and sources related to your topic. Use books, articles, websites, and academic databases for credible information.

Thesis Statement: Create a clear and concise thesis statement that presents your main argument or position on the topic. This should be a central point that your essay revolves around.

Outline: Organize your ideas and information into a structured outline. Outline the introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion. Each main point should support your thesis.

Introduction: Write an engaging introduction that provides context for your topic, introduces your thesis statement, and captures the reader's attention.

Body Paragraphs: Develop your main points in the body of the essay. Each paragraph should focus on a single idea and provide evidence, examples, and analysis to support it. Use topic sentences to guide the reader.

Evidence and Analysis: Incorporate evidence from your research to support your arguments. Analyze and interpret the evidence to demonstrate its relevance to your thesis.

Transitions: Use transitional words and phrases to connect ideas and paragraphs smoothly. This helps maintain the flow of your essay.

Counterarguments: Address counterarguments if applicable. Acknowledge opposing views and explain why your argument is stronger.

Conclusion: Summarize your main points in the conclusion and restate your thesis. Avoid introducing new information here. End with a strong closing statement that leaves an impression.

Editing and Proofreading: Revise and edit your essay for clarity, coherence, and grammar. Check for spelling and punctuation errors. It's often helpful to take a break before reviewing your work.

Final Review: Give your essay a final read-through to ensure it meets all the assignment requirements and flows smoothly.

Peer Review: If possible, have a peer or tutor review your essay for feedback and suggestions.

Proofread Again: After making revisions based on feedback, proofread your essay one more time before submission.

Remember that practice is key to improving your essay writing skills. The more you write, the better you'll become at crafting well-structured and compelling essays.

THIS PAGE IS CREATED BY CSP OFFICER FROM 44Th COMMON.IT'S PURPOSE TO SHARE MOST RELEVANT AND QUALITY ARTICLES RELATED TO ALL SUBJECTS