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Measures of Shape - For distributions summarizing data from continuous measurement scales, statistics can be used to describe how the distribution rises and drops.

Symmetric - Distributions that have the same shape on both sides of the center are called symmetric. A symmetric distribution with only one peak is referred to as a normal distribution.

Skewness - Refers to the degree of asymmetry in a distribution. Asymmetry often reflects extreme scores in a distribution.

Positively skewed - A distribution is positively skewed when is has a tail extending out to the right (larger numbers) When a distribution is positively skewed, the mean is greater than the median reflecting the fact that the mean is sensitive to each score in the distribution and is subject to large shifts when the sample is small and contains extreme scores.

Negatively skewed - A negatively skwed distribution has an extended tail pointing to the left (smaller numbers) and reflects bunching of numbers in the upper part of the distribution with fewer scores at the lower end of the measurement scale.

Kurtosis - Like skewness, kurtosis has a specific mathematical definition, but generally it refers to how scores are concentrated in the center of the distribution, the upper and lower tails (ends), and the shoulders (between the center and tails) of a distribution.

Mesokurtic - A normal distribution is called mesokurtic. The tails of a mesokurtic distribution are neither too thin or too thick, and there are neither too many or too few scores in the center of the distribution.

Platykurtic - Starting with a mesokurtic distribution and moving scores from both the center and tails into the shoulders, the distribution flattens out and is referred to as platykurtic.

Leptokurtic - If you move scores from shoulders of a mesokurtic distribution into the center and tails of a distribution, the result is a peaked distribution with thick tails. This shape is referred to as leptokurtic.

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كما تدين تدان والبادي اظلم

كما تدين تدان والبادي اظلم

A Manual for Basic Techniques of Data Analysis and Distribution (2014)
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