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: The earliest recorded windmill design found was Persian in origin, and was invented around the 7th-9th centuries

A legendary account of the windmill attributed its invention to Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz. Before becoming a slave to the Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634–644), Abu Lu'lu'a was said to have designed and built windmills. He brought a complaint to Umar about the high tax charged to him by his master al-Mughira ibn Shu'ba. Umar wrote to al-Mughira and inquired about the tax; al-Mughira's reply was satisfactory, but Umar held that the tax charged from Abu Lu'lu'a was reasonable, owing to his daily income. Umar then is reported to have asked Abu Lu'lu'a to design a windmill for him, to which Abu Lu'lu'a replied, "By God, I will build this [wind]mill of which the World will talk"][verification needed] However, this account may have been a 10th-century amendment.[8] The first clear evidence of vertical-axle windmills are dated to the 9th century, in the Persian region of Sistan (modern Iran and Afghanistan), as described by Muslim geographers.[9] The windmill became widespread across the Islamic world, and later spread to India and China

Tin-glazing: The earliest tin-glazed pottery appears to have been made in /Mesopotamia in the 8th-century.[19] The oldest fragments found to-date were excavated from the palace of about 80 kilometres (50 miles) north of

- of : First attested in pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana's Sirr al-khalīqa ("The Secret of Creation", c. 750–850) and in the works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (written c. 850–950),[17] the sulfur-mercury theory of metals would remain the basis of all theories of metallic composition until the eighteenth century

: Although string instruments existed before , the oud was developed in Islamic music and was the ancestor of the European lute

: Geared gristmills were built in the medieval Near East and North Africa, which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce meals

There was an expansion of grist-milling in the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia from the 3rd century AD onwards, and then the widespread expansion of large-scale factory milling installations across the Islamic world from the 8th century onwards. Geared gristmills were built in the medieval Near East and North Africa, which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce meals. Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by both water and wind. The first wind-powered gristmills were built in the 9th and 10th centuries in what are now Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran.The Egyptian town of Bilbays had a grain-processing factory that produced an estimated 300 tons of flour and grain per day.

is the forged steel of the blades of swords smithed in the Near East from ingots of Wootz steel either imported from Southern India or made in production centres in Sri Lanka,or Khorasan, Iran.These swords are characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern. Such blades were reputed to be tough, resistant to shattering, and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge.

Wootz (Indian), Pulad (Persian), Fuladh (Arabic), Bulat (Russian) and Bintie (Chinese) are all names for historical ultra-high carbon crucible steel typified by carbide segregation. "Wootz" is an erroneous transliteration of "utsa" or "fountain" in Sanskrit; however, since 1794, it has been the primary word used to refer to historical hypereutectoid crucible steel

Close-up of a 13th-century Persian-forged Damascus steel sword.

Classification of chemical substances: The works attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan (written c. 850–950),[12] and those of Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi (c. 865–925), contain the earliest known classifications of chemical substances

An astrolabe (Greek: ἀστρολάβος astrolábos, 'star-taker'; Arabic: ٱلأَسْطُرلاب al-Asṭurlāb; Persian: ستاره‌یاب Setāreyāb) is an astronomical instrument dating back to ancient times. It serves as a star chart and physical model of visible heavenly bodies. Its various functions also make it an elaborate inclinometer and an analog calculation device capable of working out several kinds of problems in astronomy. In its simplest form it is a metal disc with a pattern of wires, cutouts, and perforations that allows a user to calculate astronomical positions precisely. Historically used by astronomers, it is able to measure the altitude above the horizon of a celestial body, day or night; it can be used to identify stars or planets, to determine local latitude given local time (and vice versa), to survey, or to triangulate. It was used in classical antiquity, the Islamic Golden Age, the European Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery for all these purposes.

Planispheric Astrolabe made of brass, cast, with fretwork rete and surface engraving
North African, 9th century AD, Planispheric Astrolabe. Khalili Collection.

Arabesque

The arabesque is a form of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils" or plain lines, often combined with other elements. Another definition is "Foliate ornament, used in the Islamic world, typically using leaves, derived from stylised half-palmettes, which were combined with spiralling stems". It usually consists of a single design which can be 'tiled' or seamlessly repeated as many times as desired.Within the very wide range of Eurasian decorative art that includes motifs matching this basic definition, the term "arabesque" is used consistently as a technical term by art historians to describe only elements of the decoration found in two phases: Islamic art from about the 9th century onwards, and European decorative art from the Renaissance onwards. Interlace and scroll decoration are terms used for most other types of similar patterns.

An illustrated headpiece from a mid-18th-century collection of ghazals and rubāʻīyāt, from the University of Pennsylvania library's Lawrence J. Schoenberg Collection[6]

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A form of Islamic poetry that originated from the Arabian Peninsula in the late 7th century.[7]
8th century

پیارے بہن بھائیوں مجھے ساتھ ساتھ فالو کریں مجھے اچھے نیک لوگوں کی ضرورت ہے ۔۔

دنیا میں 𝟐𝟎𝟔 ممالک اور 𝟒𝟐𝟎𝟎 مذہب ہیں لیکن اللّٰه نے ہمیں مُحَمَّدٌ (ص) کا امتی بنایا ... الحَمْدُاللہ