Late Bronze Age Apocalypse
'Apocalyptic' event occurring during the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age period understood to
The Late Bronze Age collapse (known as The Catastrophe) [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ggNg_78v1g] was a transition in the Aegean Region, Southwestern Asia and the Eastern Mediterranean from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age that historians believe was violent, sudden and culturally disruptive. The palace economy of the Aegean Region and Anatolia which characterised the Late Bronze Age
03/12/2023
“Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age”…or, ‘Sacred Ancestors’….‘Sacred Metals’…‘Sacred Epochs’…’Sacred Deities’… ‘Sacred Serpents’…and, ‘Sacred Stories’…all within an Eurasian Bronze Age (and Beyond), Ethno-Cultural Context:
[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers+21%3A1-9&version=KJV]
(Key Archaeological / Historical / Chronological / Metallurgical / Mythological Context: Nechushtan (Nehushtan) [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/832227460297658/?app=fbl]…According to the Bible [https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Numbers%2021&version=KJV], Nehushtan was a metal serpent [https://www.imj.org.il/en/collections/394080-0] mounted on a staff that Moses [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/807248199462251/?app=fbl] had made, by God's command, to cure the Israelites of snake bites while wandering in the desert. The symbol of snakes [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1084170225103379/?app=fbl] on a staff or pole is a motif that is widespread in both the ancient Near East and the Mediterranean. This symbol [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1148335158686885/?app=fbl] held such cultural power that it is still around today in our modern world, like other ancient symbols we encounter almost daily, often without even realizing it. Humanity has a way of collecting images [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1366460786874320/?type=3&app=fbl] and holding onto them, subtly changing their context to fit the contemporary cultural system [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1421057624747969/?type=3&app=fbl].
In our modern world, a staff with a snake wrapped around it is used as a symbol for medicine, a remnant of Greek [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/994780857375650/?app=fbl] and Roman mythology. It is the staff of an ancient healer god, known as Asclepius in Greece [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/587858521401221/?type=3&app=fbl] and Aesculapius in Rome. Another symbol from ancient Greece
[https://www.facebook.com/100006396123054/posts/3515599065329930/?app=fbl] and Rome [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1278119159041817/?app=fbl] is the staff of Hermes/Mercury (respectively) which is seen on the back of ambulances. This symbol is a pole with two snakes wrapped around it and wings at the top. While both are often called a caduceus, technically only the staff of Hermes/Mercury is a caduceus. Additionally, both are often assumed to be medicinal in nature, but Hermes/Mercury was a messenger god known for speed and escorting the dead to the afterlife. One can easily see the connection between our modern use of these symbols
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1148335158686885/?app=fbl] with their sources from ancient Greece and Rome.)
[https://www.worldhistory.org/nehushtan/]
“Metallurgical Production in Northern Eurasia in the Bronze Age”:
Author
Stanislav Grigoriev
[https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/ASP/missingPageHandler.asp?404;https://archaeopress.com:443/Archaeopress/Contributor/Stanislav-Grigoriev]
Synopsis
Copper [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1115917391928662/?app=fbl] is the first [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1018208478366221/?app=fbl] metal [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/812503084212679/?app=fbl] to play a large part [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1020199991500403/?app=fbl] in human history [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1437467726440292/?type=3&app=fbl]. This work is devoted to the history of metallurgical production in Northern Eurasia [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/847573620705625/?app=fbl] during the Bronze Age
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1395108667342865/?type=3&app=fbl], based on experiments carried out by the author and analyses of ancient slag, ore and metal.
Contents
Introduction; Chapter 1. Experiments with Ancient Copper Smelting Technologies; Chapter 2. Production in the Eneolithic, Early and Middle Bronze Age; Chapter 3. Metallurgical Furnaces of Sintashta Culture; Chapter 4. Copper Ores of Sintashta and Petrovka Sites in the Transurals; Chapter 5. Mineralogical and Chemical Composition of Sintashta Slag; Chapter 6. Sintashta metalworking; Chapter 7. Chronology, Genesis and Structure of Sintashta Metallurgy; Chapter 8. Metallurgical Production in the Bashkirian Urals; Chapter 9. Metallurgy of the Late Bronze Age in the Volga and Orenburg Regions; Chapter 10. Mining and Metallurgical Production in the Don and Donets Areas; Chapter 11. Metallurgical Production in the Asian Part of the Eurasian Metallurgical Province in the Bronze Age; Chapter 12. Metallurgical Production in the Kyzyl-Kum; Chapter 13. The Problem of Iron in the Bronze Age of Northern Eurasia; Chapter 14. Metallurgical Production in the Early Iron Age; Conclusions; BibliographyRedevelopment Choices of Carian Benefactors in the Roman Age (Guray Unver); A Byzantine Monastery South-East of Jerusalem (Yehiel Zelinger); Local and Imported Art in the Byzantine Monastery Newly Discovered Near Jerusalem, Israel (Lihi Habas)
Keywords
Experimental Archaeology; Copper; Metallurgy; Bronze Age; Eurasia; Metal; Ore
…cont’d @
[https://www.archaeopress.com/Archaeopress/Products/9781784912758]
23/11/2023
“THE HORSE AND THE SKIER”…or, ‘Sacred Ancestors’…’Sacred Migrations’…’Sacred Epochs’..’Sacred Metals’…’Sacred Weapons’…’Sacred Animals’…’Sacred Burials’…and ‘Skijoring’…the Bronze Age Siberia / Eurasian Steppe (and Beyond), Ethnocultural Narrative:
(Key archaeological / geographical / chronological / metallurgical / cultural artefact [https://sketchfab.com/blogs/community/around-world-80-models-omsk/]…this paper proposes the cultural and historical interpretation [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/841138474682473/?app=fbl] of the cast figure, consisting of a horse and a skier [https://sketchfab.com/blogs/community/around-world-80-models-omsk/], on the finial of a bronze knife or dagger [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1565005263686537/?type=3&app=fbl] from the necropolis near the village of Rostovka. Two interpretations of this composition are outlined in the first part of the work. The first one suggests that the composition represents an actual [https://youtu.be/83fo78Gt9Bs?si=3uoW03soqFpFLhrf] cultural phenomenon [https://www.horsenation.com/2014/03/16/horse-racing-on-ice-in-siberia-what/] — a Bronze Age [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.10.01.560195v1.full]
«Skijoring» [https://www.skijorinternational.com/the-history], a means of transportation where a skier is towed by, in this case, a horse. The second possible interpretation considers the composition almost exclusively as an illustration of myth and/or ritual and focuses on the search for the meanings reflected in the figures. The approach proposed in the paper assumes the existence of a known cultural practice, which is used as the basis of the myth-ritual plot embodied in the composition. The author’s version of the cultural and historical context of this prototype is presented in the second part of the work. The context of the artwork is the development of a forest-based culture, occupying the forest-steppe, mountain-taiga and southern-taiga belts [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1337505199769879/?app=fbl] of Siberia [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1954996534687406/?app=fbl] and maintaining its identity over a long period [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1946728935514166/?app=fbl]. The economic basis of this culture [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl] was appropriating forms, combined with horse breeding, designed to provide transport and satisfy food needs through hunting. A significant place in this culture [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1022640107923058/?app=fbl] is occupied by metallurgy [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/624371139692542/?app=fbl] and metalworking
[https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-94-007-7747-7_8778, initially bronze production, followed by iron production. Proof is given that the origins [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1603402586513471/?type=3&app=fbl] of this culture date back to the Bronze Age [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1910131585840568/?app=fbl], and its formation is consistent [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513443595509381/?type=3&app=fbl] with the development of cultures of horse-breeders [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/491922686270722/?app=fbl] and metallurgists [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1474047812782283/?type=3&app=fbl], within the framework of the Seima-Turbino [https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/radiocarbon/article/abs/radiocarbon-chronology-of-complexes-with-seimaturbino-type-objects-bronze-age-in-southwestern-siberia/8E99FF8630AB314ECB2F7F88C5172170] transcultural phenomenon. The Rostovka artist appears to capture a moment of experimentation with a new means of transportation, adapted to specific local climatic conditions. Scenes of equestrian-skiing racing have then been incorporated into a developing mythic story. Data on functionally and technologically similar methods of foot and horse towing, indirectly confirming the proposed concept are also presented in the work.)
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332270646_A_horse-skier_of_the_Bronze_Age_a_reappraisal_of_the_cultural_and_historical_interpretation_of_the_decorative_finial_on_a_dagger_from_Rostovka_Western_Siberia_on_the_90th_anniversary_of_the_birth_of_V]
“THE HORSE AND THE SKIER (Конь и лыжник)”:
Transactions of the Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia of Tomsk state university. – Tomsk : Tomsk State University, 2012. – Vol. IV. – 128 p. + 4 ins
This book is devoted to the semantic investigation of one of the most cryptic finds of the Eurasian [https://stock.adobe.com/images/political-map-of-eurasia-with-the-flags-of-states/117970675] continent
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1320364864817246/?app=fbl] of the Bronze Age [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1360276754159390/?type=3&app=fbl] – a knife
[https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/667441882052134/?app=fbl] from the child's grave in the Rostovkinskiy burial ground, discovered by V.I. Matyushchenko on the territory of the Omsk Priirtyshye.
The peculiar sculpture [https://sketchfab.com/blogs/community/around-world-80-models-omsk/] on the knife's [https://en.topwar.ru/86021-voiny-seymincy-i-turbincy-ili-bronzovaya-cep-cherez-evraziyu.html] hand
[http://www.ra.iaran.ru/?page_id=282&lang=en] attracts steady attention of the several scientific generations. For the long history of its study, a large amount of published works appeared reflecting technological, aesthetic and semantic aspects of this article. All they are interesting and useful to a certain extent, but none of them has answered the main question yet – what the reason of creating such a unique work of art was, which later was put into the grave. The author
[https://www.koob.ru/kovtun_i_v/] of this book in his searching for the meaning of this article of the ancient art came much farther than the rest researchers. His conclusions are, undoubtedly, attract attention and deserve a thorough study. This book is recommended for historians, archaeologists, museologists, culture
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1928377160682677/?app=fbl] experts [https://www.facebook.com/100006396123054/posts/3344640165759155/?app=fbl], art critics and all the readers, who are interested in the ancient art
[https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/495396635923327/?app=fbl] and culture
[https://www.facebook.com/100006396123054/posts/3524868937736276/?app=fbl] of Eurasia
[https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/622242969905359/?app=fbl].
…cont’d @
[https://www.academia.edu/20237249/THE_HORSE_AND_THE_SKIER_Конь_и_лыжник]
13/11/2023
“Bronze Age “charioteer’s belt” found in Siberian tomb”…or, of Horses…Chariots…and Kurgans…the Late Bronze Age Siberian Narrative:
(Pictured: We see a skeleton in a dirt burial. There is a bronze bar with hooked ends across the skeleton's waist and a bowl to the upper right)
[https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/3000-year-old-untouched-burial-of-charioteer-discovered-in-siberia]
“3,000-year-old untouched burial of 'charioteer' discovered in Siberia”:
Archaeologists in Siberia have discovered the untouched 3,000-year-old grave of a person thought to be a charioteer — indicating for the first time that horse-drawn chariots [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/835889141874073/?app=fbl] were used in the region
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl].
The skeletal remains were interred with a distinctive hooked metal attachment for a belt, which allowed drivers of horse-drawn chariots to tie their reins to their waists and free their hands. This type of artifact has also been found in Mongolian [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000507] and and Chinese [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1552921524894911/?type=3&app=fbl] burials
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513062365547504/?type=3&app=fbl] and bronzes [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1592154660971597/?type=3&app=fbl] from the Zhou Dynasty [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1553835061470224/?type=3&app=fbl].
Aleksey Timoshchenko
[https://archaeology.nsc.ru/sotrudniki/person/timoshhenko_aa/], an archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told Live Science in an email that the object was found in its original placement at the waist of the person in the undisturbed grave.
"This fact, along with direct analogies in burial mounds of China
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/949953051858431/?app=fbl], allows us to determine their purpose a little more confidently," he said.
Timoshchenko led the latest expedition to the Askizsky region of Khakassia in Siberia [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513443595509381/?type=3&app=fbl], where Russian archaeologists have already spent several years excavating areas ahead of the expansion of a railway. The team discovered the charioteer burial and other graves this month near the village of Kamyshta.
Oleg Mitko [https://pure.nsu.ru/portal/en/persons/--(71b06bcc-ae77-48c7-ae6d-b7eb0d09bc09).html], an archaeologist at Novosibirsk State University in Russia who's a consultant for the finds but not an expedition member, said objects like the "charioteer's belt" had been found before but not understood.
"For a long time in Russian archaeology this was called a PNN — an 'item of unknown purpose,'" he told Live Science in an email. But recent discoveries of Bronze Age charioteer burials in China, along with the remains of chariots and horses [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/512036628983411/?type=3&app=fbl], indicated that "this object is an accessory for a chariot."
No chariots had been found in Siberian burials, he said, and the hooked bronze belt plate may have been placed in the Late Bronze Age grave as a symbolic substitute.
Burial mound
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/659532247567181/?type=3&app=fbl]
The tomb of the "charioteer" was found among graves dated to about 3,000 years ago during the time of the Lugav culture, according to a translated statement. The burial consisted of an earthen mound heaped over a roughly square stone tomb; a bronze knife, bronze jewelry and the distinctive belt [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1688206634699732/?app=fbl] part were among the grave goods.
Timoshchenko said the Bronze Age people of the Lugav culture
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1747540065433055/?app=fbl] were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and were replaced in the region in about the eighth century B.C., during the Early Iron Age, by Scythian people [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/792822620904809/?app=fbl] of the Tagar culture.
According to the statement, the latest excavations unearthed burials from three Bronze Age phases in the region: the earliest from about the 11th century B.C., as the Karasuk culture transitioned into the Lugav culture; a second, with the charioteer, from the Lugav culture itself; and a third after the eighth century B.C., from the early Bainov stage of the Tagar culture.
[https://www.livescience.com/archaeology/3000-year-old-untouched-burial-of-charioteer-discovered-in-siberia]
13/11/2023
“Bronze Age “charioteer’s belt” found in Siberian tomb”…
(Pictured: We see a skeleton in a dirt burial. There is a bronze bar with hooked ends across the skeleton's waist and a bowl to the upper right)
[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/3-000-old-untouched-burial-200529388.html]
“3,000-year-old untouched burial of 'charioteer' discovered in Siberia”:
Archaeologists in Siberia have discovered the untouched 3,000-year-old grave of a person thought to be a charioteer — indicating for the first time that horse-drawn chariots were used in the region
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl].
The skeletal remains were interred with a distinctive hooked metal attachment for a belt, which allowed drivers of horse-drawn chariots to tie their reins to their waists and free their hands. This type of artifact has also been found in Mongolian [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000507] and and Chinese [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1552921524894911/?type=3&app=fbl] burials
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513062365547504/?type=3&app=fbl] and bronzes [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1592154660971597/?type=3&app=fbl] from the Zhou Dynasty [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1553835061470224/?type=3&app=fbl].
Aleksey Timoshchenko, an archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told Live Science in an email that the object was found in its original placement at the waist of the person in the undisturbed grave.
"This fact, along with direct analogies in burial mounds of China, allows us to determine their purpose a little more confidently," he said.
Timoshchenko led the latest expedition to the Askizsky region of Khakassia in Siberia, where Russian archaeologists have already spent several ye
13/11/2023
“Bronze Age “charioteer’s belt” found in Siberian tomb”…
(Pictured: We see a skeleton in a dirt burial. There is a bronze bar with hooked ends across the skeleton's waist and a bowl to the upper right)
[
“3,000-year-old untouched burial of 'charioteer' discovered in Siberia”:
Archaeologists in Siberia have discovered the untouched 3,000-year-old grave of a person thought to be a charioteer — indicating for the first time that horse-drawn chariots were used in the region
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl].
The skeletal remains were interred with a distinctive hooked metal attachment for a belt, which allowed drivers of horse-drawn chariots to tie their reins to their waists and free their hands. This type of artifact has also been found in Mongolian [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000507] and and Chinese [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1552921524894911/?type=3&app=fbl] burials
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513062365547504/?type=3&app=fbl] and bronzes [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1592154660971597/?type=3&app=fbl] from the Zhou Dynasty [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1553835061470224/?type=3&app=fbl].
Aleksey Timoshchenko, an archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told Live Science in an email that the object was found in its original placement at the waist of the person in the undisturbed grave.
"This fact, along with direct analogies in burial mounds of China, allows us to determine their purpose a little more confidently," he said.
Timoshchenko led the latest expedition to the Askizsky region of Khakassia in Siberia, where Russian archaeologists have already spent several years excavating areas ahead of the expansion of a railway. The team discovered the charioteer burial and other graves this month near the village of Kamyshta.
Oleg Mitko, an archaeologist at Novosibirsk State University in Russia who's a consultant for the finds but not an expedition member, said objects like the "charioteer's belt" had been found before but not understood.
"For a long time in Russian archaeology this was called a PNN — an 'item of unknown purpose,'" he told Live Science in an email. But recent discoveries of Bronze Age charioteer burials in China, along with the remains of chariots and horses, indicated that "this object is an accessory for a chariot."
No chariots had been found in Siberian burials, he said, and the hooked bronze belt plate may have been placed in the Late Bronze Age grave as a symbolic substitute.
Burial mound
The tomb of the "charioteer" was found among graves dated to about 3,000 years ago during the time of the Lugav culture, according to a translated statement. The burial consisted of an earthen mound heaped over a roughly square stone tomb; a bronze knife, bronze jewelry and the distinctive belt [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1688206634699732/?app=fbl] part were among the grave goods.
Timoshchenko said the Bronze Age people of the Lugav culture were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and were replaced in the region in about the eighth century B.C., during the Early Iron Age, by Scythian people of the Tagar culture.
According to the statement, the latest excavations unearthed burials from three Bronze Age phases in the region: the earliest from about the 11th century B.C., as the Karasuk culture transitioned into the Lugav culture; a second, with the charioteer, from the Lugav culture itself; and a third after the eighth century B.C., from the early Bainov stage of the Tagar culture.
[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/3-000-old-untouched-burial-200529388.html]
13/11/2023
“Bronze Age “charioteer’s belt” found in Siberian tomb”…
(Pictured: We see a skeleton in a dirt burial. There is a bronze bar with hooked ends across the skeleton's waist and a bowl to the upper right)
[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/3-000-old-untouched-burial-200529388.html]
“3,000-year-old untouched burial of 'charioteer' discovered in Siberia”:
Archaeologists in Siberia have discovered the untouched 3,000-year-old grave of a person thought to be a charioteer — indicating for the first time that horse-drawn chariots were used in the region
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl].
The skeletal remains were interred with a distinctive hooked metal attachment for a belt, which allowed drivers of horse-drawn chariots to tie their reins to their waists and free their hands. This type of artifact has also been found in Mongolian [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352226721000507] and and Chinese [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1552921524894911/?type=3&app=fbl] burials
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/513062365547504/?type=3&app=fbl] and bronzes [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1592154660971597/?type=3&app=fbl] from the Zhou Dynasty [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1553835061470224/?type=3&app=fbl].
Aleksey Timoshchenko, an archaeologist at the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography of the Russian Academy of Sciences, told Live Science in an email that the object was found in its original placement at the waist of the person in the undisturbed grave.
"This fact, along with direct analogies in burial mounds of China, allows us to determine their purpose a little more confidently," he said.
Timoshchenko led the latest expedition to the Askizsky region of Khakassia in Siberia, where Russian archaeologists have already spent several years excavating areas ahead of the expansion of a railway. The team discovered the charioteer burial and other graves this month near the village of Kamyshta.
Oleg Mitko, an archaeologist at Novosibirsk State University in Russia who's a consultant for the finds but not an expedition member, said objects like the "charioteer's belt" had been found before but not understood.
"For a long time in Russian archaeology this was called a PNN — an 'item of unknown purpose,'" he told Live Science in an email. But recent discoveries of Bronze Age charioteer burials in China, along with the remains of chariots and horses, indicated that "this object is an accessory for a chariot."
No chariots had been found in Siberian burials, he said, and the hooked bronze belt plate may have been placed in the Late Bronze Age grave as a symbolic substitute.
Burial mound
The tomb of the "charioteer" was found among graves dated to about 3,000 years ago during the time of the Lugav culture, according to a translated statement. The burial consisted of an earthen mound heaped over a roughly square stone tomb; a bronze knife, bronze jewelry and the distinctive belt [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1688206634699732/?app=fbl] part were among the grave goods.
Timoshchenko said the Bronze Age people of the Lugav culture were mainly engaged in cattle breeding and were replaced in the region in about the eighth century B.C., during the Early Iron Age, by Scythian people of the Tagar culture.
According to the statement, the latest excavations unearthed burials from three Bronze Age phases in the region: the earliest from about the 11th century B.C., as the Karasuk culture transitioned into the Lugav culture; a second, with the charioteer, from the Lugav culture itself; and a third after the eighth century B.C., from the early Bainov stage of the Tagar culture.
[https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/3-000-old-untouched-burial-200529388.html]
05/11/2023
“An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination”…or, of ‘Double Horses’…’Chariot Packages’…and, ‘Barrow Burials’…the East European Plain Bronze Age Hippological Narrative:
(Pictured: Double-horse [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1381979998655732/?type=3&app=fbl] burial [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1372020469651685/?type=3&app=fbl] from the Husiatyn barrow - a view from the east.)
[https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Double-horse-burial-from-the-Husiatyn-barrow-a-view-from-the-east_fig4_365391371]
“An Elite Bronze Age Double-Horse Burial from Western Ukraine and the Chariot Package Dissemination”:
Journal of Field Archaeology
[https://www.jstor.org/journal/jfielarch]
Volume 48, 2023 - Issue 1
[https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/yjfa20/48/1]
Published online: 14 Nov 2022
Authors:
Przemysław Makarowicz at Adam Mickiewicz University
[https://researchportal.amu.edu.pl/info/author/UAM58047/];
Vasyl Ilchyshyn
[https://www.researchgate.net/scientific-contributions/Vasyl-Ilchyshyn-2187513342];
Edyta Pasicka at Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences
[https://bazawiedzy.upwr.edu.pl/info.seam?id=UPWr2931e593e3bc4b029ab3ebc9f7c23e90&affil=&lang=en];
Daniel Makowiecki at Nicolaus Copernicus University
[https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=p6XwFI0AAAAJ&hl=da]
Abstract and Figures
[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/365391371_An_Elite_Bronze_Age_Double-Horse_Burial_from_Western_Ukraine_and_the_Chariot_Package_Dissemination]
The origin [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1320364864817246/?app=fbl] and dissemination [https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1301965923323807/?app=fbl] of paired horse [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1553835061470224/?type=3&app=fbl] burials
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/945431618977241/?app=fbl] and the implications of adopting wheeled vehicle [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1554034531450277/?type=3&app=fbl] technology [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1555019621351768/?type=3&app=fbl] on Bronze Age
[https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1371145546405844/?type=3&app=fbl] European societies [https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/827320949397559/?app=fbl] has not been extensively [https://www.facebook.com/bronzeagecollapse/photos/a.440513622802379/1374779919375740/?type=3&app=fbl] studied. To address this, we present the chronological, artifactual, DNA, contextual, and zooarchaeological analytical results from a Bronze Age double-horse burial in a barrow from Husiatyn [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bezirk_Husiatyn.png], Podolia Upland [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podolian_Upland #/media/File%3AUkraine_Podolian_highland_en.jpg], western Ukraine
[https://www.facebook.com/439331399587268/posts/1937317933121933/?app=fbl]. The burial was radiocarbon dated to the 15th century b.c., and the preserved antler bridle elements are stylistically similar to those from the Carpathian
[https://www.facebook.com/100063589842625/posts/827320949397559/?app=fbl] - Danube [https://www.persee.fr/doc/hiper_2284-5666_2015_num_2_2_895] area [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-of-the-Danube-River-Basin-with-the-selected-study-area-of-the-Pannonian-Basin-and_fig11_280309238]. The coat color [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Occurrence-of-eight-horse-coat-colour-phenotypes-based-on-their-location-for-six_fig1_311500236] of the Husiatyn horses was determined from ancient DNA analysis, and their arrangement facing each other, combined with little evidence of lesions on their bones and teeth, suggest they were well treated and probably ridden and/or harnessed to a chariot/cart. We argue that Middle Bronze Age [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trzciniec_culture] Trzciniec Circle [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Spatial-range-of-the-Trzciniec-cultural-circle-and-the-Fuezesabony-culture-after_fig1_318542836] communities [https://www.academia.edu/45034945/New_finds_of_antler_cheekpieces_and_horse_burials_from_the_Trzciniec_Culture_in_the_territory_of_western_Little_Poland] northeast of the Carpathians adopted the chariot package as a useful component of their elaborate funerary rituals.
…cont’d @
[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00934690.2022.2143630]