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Influencing factors of solar photovoltaic power generation efficiency
（Shandong Foru Tech Co., Ltd.)

In the process of converting solar energy into electrical energy, some factors will be encountered, which will affect the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation. These influencing factors need to be explored. Focusing on measures to improve the efficiency of photovoltaic solar power generation is important for the development of social economy. Practical significance.
"Energy saving and environmental protection" is the theme advocated by today's society. The society restricts the use of fossil fuels, which are environmentally serious and non-renewable energy sources, and will choose some renewable and clean environmental energy sources such as solar energy and geothermal energy. Faced with energy crisis, smog, global warming and other issues, society is faced with the use of recyclable, renewable energy, and then the natural environment, saving the development and utilization of non-renewable energy. The advantage of energy is that it is clean and environmentally friendly, and it will never weaken. It is favored everywhere.
1 Principles and characteristics of solar photovoltaic power generation
The solar photovoltaic power generation system using solar power, its components include solar cell components, charge/discharge controllers, inverters, test instruments, computer monitoring, battery packs and some auxiliary equipment, as shown in the following figure.
Structure diagram of solar photovoltaic power generation system
When the sun's rays hit the solar cell component, a part of the photons will be absorbed by the silicon material, and this part of the photons will be converted into electrical energy. Specifically, the energy of the photons is transferred to the silicon atom, which promotes the transition of electrons into free electrons. After that, there will be a potential difference across the PN junction. In the case of its external series circuit, the role of voltage will cause current to flow through the external circuit, thereby generating output power and achieving the conversion of light energy to electrical energy. This is also called the photovoltaic effect. . The solar cell has the function of energy conversion in the axial direction. According to the needs of power generation, the mainstream of solar cell materials are crystalline silicon and thin-film solar cells.
The solar cell modules are arranged according to a certain stacking method, the connection mode is parallel or serial, and the DC power of the module is sent to the battery pack, which converts the light received by the square array of solar cells it stores into The electrical energy is then supplied to the load. The independent operation inverter converts the DC power into AC power for use by the load, and can also convert the DC power into AC power in the grid-connected inverter. The AC power is transmitted to the low-voltage end of the transformer through the control device and then upgraded by the transformer. After pressing, the transmission line is sent to the grid for power supply.
The characteristics of solar photovoltaic power generation are pollution-free, sustainable, and easy to accept. As long as there is sunlight in the place where resonance generates electricity, it will encounter limitations such as time period, location, meteorological conditions, capacity transmission, and often light energy. The disadvantage of low conversion efficiency.
2 Influencing factors of solar photovoltaic power generation efficiency
Under normal circumstances, there are four main factors that affect the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation, namely solar radiation, the characteristics and quality of photovoltaic modules, inverter efficiency, maximum power tracking efficiency, as follows:
2.1 Solar radiation factors
The amount of solar radiation on the ground will be affected by the azimuth angle, atmospheric height and altitude, and the number of hours of sunshine. When the inclination of the solar photovoltaic square array deviates, the solar radiation intensity at this time is also large, and the amount of solar radiation at different latitudes in the region is also different. Where the latitude increases, the smaller the inclination angle of the solar photovoltaic square array, the sun The radiation intensity is also small, and the lower the latitude, the larger the inclination of the solar photovoltaic square array and the solar radiation intensity are. The formula for calculating the solar radiation intensity is, where is the sea level solar radiation intensity when the atmospheric mass is equal to 1.
On a sunny day with a high atmospheric height, the sun rays reach the surface with more solar radiation energy; while the air at high altitudes is thin, the water v***r and dust in the air are increased, with superimposed atmospheric wavelengths, the sun rays reach high There is more solar radiation energy at altitude.
Sunshine hours. The total solar radiation on the surface is affected by the duration of sunshine. For the longer sunshine areas, the total solar radiation will be more, which is more conducive to improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation.
2.2 Characteristics and quality factors of solar photovoltaic modules
Solar cell materials determine the characteristics and quality of solar photovoltaic modules. When the quality of battery materials is better, it is more conducive to improving the conversion of solar energy to electrical energy. At present, the production materials of solar cells are mainly crystalline silicon materials, the amount of which exceeds 90% of the world's solar cell production. There are also inorganic salt multi-component compound materials, functional polymer materials, nanocrystalline materials, etc. The crystalline silicon material is divided into single crystal silicon and alternative material solar cells. The two crystalline silicon materials have their own advantages and disadvantages. Among them, the energy conversion of single crystal silicon solar cells is reorganized by 16~24%, and the price is 4 times that of the conversion. The price is high, accounting for 60% of the total investment in solar photovoltaic power generation projects, and the battery process technology is mature, and the reliable performance and initial battery. The energy conversion of the transition material battery is 14~16%, which is the first investment to replace it, which is why many photovoltaic power generation companies use it.
For solar cells made of other amorphous materials, they have poor stability and large attenuation, and will occupy a large amount of construction area, and their use is limited.
2.3 Inverter efficiency factors
The inverter is a high-power device, and the efficiency at full load exceeds 90%. Even low-load power supply requires the inverter to have higher efficiency. Once the efficiency of the inverter is low, it will affect the solar photovoltaic power generation special inverter needs to reduce its own power loss to improve the overall efficiency. In general, the efficiency of general-purpose inverters is low. This is because the power loss will account for 20~30% of the total power generation of the solar photovoltaic power generation system. Then, the power loss of the inverter will be reduced. Improve output efficiency. The grid-connected inverter has the maximum power point tracking control function, which can track the solar radiation ability, thereby controlling its own power loss, and controlling the switch according to the sunrise and sunset conditions.
2.4 Maximum power baseline tracking vs. efficiency factor
A certain point on the current-voltage curve of the photovoltaic array determines the input of DC power. The optimal working state of the inverter should be at the maximum power incidence of the solar photovoltaic array. This peak value will pass through the day, and the solar radiation The temperature changes, and at this time, the inverter needs to track the maximum power peak to find the ideal state directly connected to the photovoltaic array to maximize its energy conversion. The algorithm is mainly based on the "perturbation observation method" as an example. "Based on, the minimum voltage increment (ΔV) caused by the perturbation of the operating voltage of the photovoltaic array, the change in time will bring about a change in power (ΔP), this is the arithmetic measurement condition of the algorithm. When ΔP is positive, then It will be the result when the next voltage perturbation increment is positive, otherwise, ΔP is negative, and the opposite result will be obtained. When the solar radiation will become very low at sunrise and sunset, the power curve will be converted at this time, When the ΔP of the inverter oscillates near the peak power point, and the solar radiation changes drastically, it will also be possible to solve the problem of difficulty in tracking the maximum power through different times of perturbations at this time.
3 Measures to improve the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation
The development of the solar photovoltaic power generation industry in the world is still at the initial stage, and the application of solar photovoltaic power generation and the development of the industry need to be promoted by improving the efficiency of solar photovoltaic power generation.
3.1 Upgrade new materials for solar cells
Since the highest cost of solar photovoltaic power generation system is the battery material, and the battery material determines the photoelectric conversion efficiency, therefore, new solar battery materials need to be developed, and the price of the battery material must be appropriately controlled so that more users can use Solar photovoltaic power generation promotes the application of solar photovoltaic power generation and the development of the industry.
3.2 Research and revise the calculation formula, optimize the combination algorithm
Since the maximum power tracking algorithm of solar photovoltaic cells is difficult to track the maximum power peak at sunrise and sunset, it is necessary to study and modify the calculation method based on the "perturbation observation method", so that the maximum power tracking of sunlight can be accurate, thereby It is more conducive to finding the maximum power peak and improving the energy conversion efficiency.
The output of the battery module is reduced under the influence of some external factors, and then the calculation formula is used to calculate that the solar cell module is difficult to meet the growth of the photovoltaic power generation system over time. The dirt and dust covering the module will reduce the output of the solar cell. The solar cell module output needs to be reduced by 10%. When the battery is charged and discharged, gas is generated from the electrolyzed water of the lead-acid battery, which causes part of the current to be lost and dissipated. At this time, a load of 10% needs to be added to meet the Coulomb effect of the battery.
Conclusion
Overview, for the inexhaustible and inexhaustible natural energy of solar energy, more use needs to be added to reduce the environmental pollution caused by petrochemical energy, and now it is necessary to promote the application of solar photovoltaic power generation by upgrading solar photovoltaic power generation Many people can use solar power.

How Do Solar Panels Work?
When speaking about solar panels, it is important to distinguish between two main types:

Photovoltaic panels that produce electricity
Solar thermal panels that are used for heating purposes
Solar Photovoltaic Panels
Photovoltaic (PV) systems are commonly used solar panel systems in the UK. Photovoltaic systems convert sunlight directly into electricity.

Solar cells are made of semiconductors, such as silicon, which absorb the sunlight and convert it into electricity.

Solar cells are connected electrically and packed together in a frame, commonly known as a solar panel. When you connect multiple solar panels together, they form a solar array. And, finally, when you add the cabling, brackets, inverter, and so forth, the entire system forms your solar panel system.

The electrical conductors are attached to positive and negative terminals, thus forming an electrical circuit. From there, the electrons can be captured in the form of an electric current (electricity). This current, together with the cell’s voltage (which is a result of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can produce.

Grid-Connected vs. Stand-Alone PV Systems
Grid-connected systems make use of the local utility grid to ensure you are never without electricity. If your domestic solar panel system generates more electricity than your household requires in a day, this surplus energy can be exported back to the national grid. On the other hand, if you need more electricity than your solar panels have generated, the grid can supply this.

Stand-alone PV systems are not connected to the grid, but instead charge a solar battery system. These batteries store the electricity generated by your panels. To operate your appliances, the stored electricity from these batteries will be used. Stand-alone systems are used in areas that cannot be connected to a grid, and are typically more expensive than grid-connected systems because solar batteries are still quite costly.

Solar Battery Storage Systems
Solar batteries store electricity generated by the sun’s energy and allow you to use it during the evenings when your solar panels are not generating electricity. You can make use of solar batteries whether you are connected to the grid or not.

Solar battery storage system costs are not low, ranging from £1,200 to £6,000, depending on the size and capacity. However, technological advancements are leading to new solutions year after year, and will likely lead to a reduction in solar battery prices.

Solar Thermal Collectors
Solar thermal panels use sunlight to heat up water that is stored in a cylinder, which can then be used for your home heating needs. Solar thermal panels are roof-mounted, just like solar PV panels, but look slightly different, as instead of cells they have multiple pipes that heat up water. A related technology is thermodynamic panels, which extract heat from the ambient air.

Both solar thermal and thermodynamic panels can be used for space heating, but most commonly they provide the domestic hot water (DHW) needs of households.

Solar photovoltaic (PV) modules generate electricity from sunlight, which can be fed into the mains electricity supply of a building or sold to the public electricity grid. Reducing the need for fossil fuel generation, the growing grid-connected solar PV sector across the globe is helping create jobs, enabling families and businesses to save money, and cut greenhouse emissions.

350w mono solar panels loaded 2 containers ready for shipping

Solar energy begins with the sun. Solar panels (also known as "PV panels") are used to convert light from the sun, which is composed of particles of energy called "photons", into electricity that can be used to power electrical loads.

Solar panels can be used for a wide variety of applications including remote power systems for cabins, telecommunications equipment, remote sensing, and of course for the production of electricity by residential and commercial solar electric systems.

On this page, we will discuss the history, technology, and benefits of solar panels. We will learn how solar panels work, how they are made, how they create electricity, and where you can buy solar panels.

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