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Breast ultrasound (ultrasound) is a non-invasive medical imaging method used to evaluate breast tissue in detail. This procedure uses high sound waves to create images of the inside of the breast, allowing the doctor to see the structure and condition of the breast tissue clearly. Breast ultrasound is often used as an aid in diagnosing various conditions such as lumps, cysts, or changes in the breast. The aims of breast ultrasound are:
- Early detection of breast cancer.
- To see whether the breast implant has ruptured or not.
- Assessment of breast tissue structure.
- Monitor breast tissue response to treatment.
- Evaluation of enlarged lymph nodes in the armpit area.
- Post-surgical monitoring.
- Additional examination after mammography is performed.
- Checking the mammary glands.
- Check for possible breast implant complications.
- Monitor changes in previous cyst masses.

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An inguinal hernia occurs when the intestines or fat from the stomach protrudes through the lower abdominal wall into the inguinal area, or groin. As a result, a bulge or swelling appears in the groin area or enlargement of the sc***um (testicular sac). This bulge is especially felt when coughing, bending over, or lifting heavy objects. Most inguinal hernias are caused by aging – although in some situations they can happen to anyone. Inguinal hernias can sometimes appear suddenly after putting pressure on the stomach, such as straining on the toilet if you are constipated or carrying and pushing heavy loads. Apart from that, inguinal hernias are also often associated with intense, heavy coughing.
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Heloma or what is better known as fish eye is a thickened layer of skin. This disorder forms when the skin is often under pressure or friction. In fact, heloma is not actually a disease, but rather the body’s way of trying to protect itself from further damage. This problem most often appears in the feet or hands and can cause pain even if it is small. This disorder also looks unsightly. Heloma itself is divided into two types, namely heloma durum (hard fish eyes), and heloma molle (soft fish eyes). Heloma durum most often appears on the soles of the feet, more precisely on the sides of the feet or at the tips of the feet. The cause is the wrong shoe size. Heloma molle is also caused by the same causes as heloma durum. The difference is that heloma molle usually appears on the soles of the feet, between the fourth and fifth toes.
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Herpes zoster or shingles (dompo disease) is an infection of the nerves and surrounding skin which is caused by a virus. When it occurs, it can cause a painful rash. This disease most often appears as a single line of blisters on the left or right side of the body. This condition occurs due to infection with the varicella zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chicken pox. The virus that causes this disease can remain around the spine or the base of the skull, even after chickenpox has healed. After many years, the virus can reactivate, causing shingles.
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Wrinkles are one of the complex skin aging conditions that reflect natural intrinsic and extrinsic processes. The main cause of wrinkles is sun exposure, although genetics can also play a role. Pollutants and smoking habits can also contribute to wrinkles. This skin problem most often occurs in areas of skin exposed to the sun, such as the face, neck, arms, and lower arms. Wrinkles do not only appear due to aging, but several other factors also affect a person’s skin condition. This is caused by high stress, pollution levels, smokers, environmental pollution, stress, sun exposure, free radicals, and UV rays. Other factors that can accelerate the aging process, such as: - Poor nutritional status and lack of rest.
- Stress and psychological disorders.
- Repetitive use of facial muscles such as frowning or frowning.
- Chronic disease.
- Skin disorders or loss of skin support structures, such as rapid and drastic weight loss.

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O legs or in the medical world it is called genu varum is a condition when one or both of a person’s legs curve outward at the knee, forming an “”O”” shape. This condition usually occurs in babies aged 12-18 months, and will improve by itself when the child reaches the age of 3-4 years. Symptoms of O’s feet can be clearly seen from the appearance of the child’s feet. Their knees will not touch when they stand with their feet and ankles together. The arc-like curves were most clearly visible when they walked. Sometimes children walk with their toes pointing inward (pigeon or inward toes). However, this condition usually does not cause pain. Mothers also need to know that O legs do not affect the child’s ability to crawl, walk or run.
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Have you ever heard the term tongue swallowing? Tongue swallowing is not actually a condition where the tongue enters or is swallowed into the throat. Tongue swallowing, which is referred to in this condition, is when the back of the tongue shifts, so that the airway under the tongue becomes blocked. Tongue swallowing can happen to anyone. However, this problem is more likely to occur in people who have a history of epilepsy or seizures. Those who work as sportsmen or athletes in contact sports, for example football players, are also at risk of experiencing tongue swallowing.
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Tinea pedis is a disease also known as athlete’s foot or ringworm of the feet. Tinea is another name for ringworm, and pedis means foot or foot. This condition is caused by a fungal infection which can also infect other areas, such as skin, hair and nails. Tinea pedis can cause an itchy, painful, burning rash on the skin on one or both legs. Sometimes, feet also smell bad. This condition most often occurs between the toes, but can also affect the top of the foot, sole and heel. Tinea pedis is generally caused by fungi from the trichophyton genus, namely the fungi Epidermophyton floccosum, T. mentagrophytes, T. rubrum, and T. tonsurans. Fungi can infect the feet in various ways.
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Theophylline is used to treat lung diseases, such as asthma and COPD. This medication should be used regularly to prevent wheezing and shortness of breath. This drug belongs to a class of drugs known as xanthines. The way this drug works is to relax the muscles for the airways, open the respiratory tract, and reduce the lung’s response to irritation. Theophylline is widely used as a preventive measure and to treat acute respiratory problems. By using this type of medication, the breathing process will be easier by:

- Reduces airway response to irritants.
- Relax the muscles around the respiratory tract.

This drug can also reduce several symptoms of disease, such as coughing, chest tightness, shortness of breath, wheezing.
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Some people who have tattoos may feel like they want to remove the tattoo for one reason or another. Common techniques used to remove tattoos include laser surgery, surgical removal, and dermabrasion. The purpose of tattoo removal is to remove tattoos that are regrettable or no longer wanted. Or maybe the tattoo has faded, or the appearance of the tattoo no longer matches your current self-image. This procedure may also be important if a person develops an allergic reaction to the tattoo or other complications, such as infection.
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Placental retention is the condition of the placenta not expelling within 30 minutes after giving birth to the baby. This disorder is a rare complication that only affects about 2 to 3 percent of all births that occur. Retention can also occur when part of the placenta is left in the uterus after the baby is born. Placental retention cannot be considered trivial because if left unchecked it can cause dangerous complications for the mother giving birth. Here are some of the causes, including:

- Not enough contractions.
- The placenta grows into the uterine wall.
- Closed cervix.
- Early birth.
- Have given birth several times.
- Have had surgery on the uterus before.
- Fertilization by in vitro fertilization.
- Having a retained placenta in another pregnancy.
- Born with an abnormally shaped uterus.

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Rickets is a disorder that weakens the bones in a child’s skeleton. This disease can be seen directly from the child’s physical appearance, namely curved legs and a prominent forehead. One characteristic is that the bones become weak and bend easily, especially in the spine and sternum. The impact, resulting in conditions such as scoliosis or kyphosis. Additionally, children with rickets may experience muscle pain and muscle weakness. The cause of rickets is a lack of vitamin D intake. This disorder is also triggered by metabolic disorders, so that the body cannot absorb and process vitamin D properly.
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Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira bacteria. This bacteria can spread through the urine or blood of infected animals. Some animals that are classified as intermediaries for the spread of leptospirosis are mice, cows, dogs and pigs. Symptoms of leptospirosis are similar to flu symptoms, but are more severe and accompanied by swelling in the feet and hands, and yellow skin. If not treated properly, leptospirosis can cause damage to internal organs, even life-threatening. Leptospirosis is caused by the bacteria Leptospira interrogans which lives for several years in the kidneys. Some animals that can spread Leptospira bacteria are dogs, pigs, horses, cows, mice.
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Ischemia is a condition of lack of blood flow to certain body organs, which results in those organs lacking oxygen. Ischemia causes a deficiency of nutrients and oxygen in the body’s tissues or organs which are very necessary to help cell metabolic processes. All organs of the body can experience this condition. If not treated immediately, this condition can cause cell death. Symptoms of ischemia depend on the organs affected, such as:

- Heart, symptoms of a heart attack will appear.
- Brain, stroke symptoms will appear.
- Lower limbs, symptoms of critical limb ischemia will appear, which is characterized by pain in the lower limbs.

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Have you ever experienced a relative or family member who was seriously ill and then suddenly got very better but then died? This is called terminal lucidity. Terminal lucidity is the phenomenon of an unexpected improvement in a person’s memory and health shortly before death. This phenomenon generally occurs in patients suffering from severe brain disorders, such as stroke and brain tumors. The term terminal lucidity was introduced by a German researcher and biologist named Michael Nahm. As the name suggests, lucidity is defined as “clarity” and terminal refers to the situation immediately before death.

So, terminal lucidity is interpreted as a phenomenon of a sudden return of “”clarity”” to a person’s mind before death.

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Have you ever heard of a disease called Multiple Sclerosis? Multiple sclerosis is a medical condition that can affect the functioning of the central nervous system, such as the brain and spinal cord. Multiple sclerosis is thought to be caused by an autoimmune condition, meaning that the disease occurs because the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks the layer of fat that protects nerve fibers. Multiple sclerosis can be classified into four types, namely:

- Relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: A type of multiple sclerosis that can cause symptoms suddenly and disappear on its own. This condition is recurrent or can occur repeatedly.
- Secondary-progressive multiple sclerosis: A type of multiple sclerosis that occurs after the sufferer experiences relapsing-remitting for several years. This condition usually causes symptoms that last longer with worsening neurological function.
- Primary-progressive multiple sclerosis: This type of multiple sclerosis can cause symptoms that will worsen over time with varying degrees of severity and recurrence periods.
- Progressive-relapsing multiple sclerosis: Symptoms of this type of multiple sclerosis can appear slowly. However, as time goes by, these symptoms can worsen quickly.

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Ibandronate is a drug used to prevent and treat certain types of bone loss (osteoporosis). This drug works by slowing the loss of bone density, so that bones remain strong and reduces the risk of fractures due to osteoporosis. Ibandronate belongs to a class of drugs called bisphosphonates. Side effects of this drug are stomach upset, diarrhea, pain in the arms or legs, or mild flu-like symptoms.
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Granuloma Inguinale or donovanosis is a s*xually transmitted disease caused by a chronic, progressive and destructive bacterial infection that attacks the skin in the ge***al area and surrounding areas in the form of ulcers or wounds. Although this disease is mainly transmitted through intimate contact, it can be transmitted by other people. Healthy people are exposed to infected wound fluid. Several risk factors can increase a person’s exposure to this infection, including:

- Having unsafe intimate relations, such as not using a condom, having many s*xual partners.
- Homos*xuals, who have s*x with men, have a higher risk of developing this disease compared to heteros*xuals.

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What is GT Gamma Check? The Gamma GT (Glutamyl Transferase) test is part of a liver function test which aims to assess the health condition of the liver. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) is an enzyme found in various organs of the body. However, the highest levels or concentrations are found in the liver. Gamma GT checks are carried out to check for disease in the liver and bile ducts, as well as to monitor liver damage due to excessive alcohol consumption. Apart from that, this examination is also carried out to determine increased levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which is caused by liver or bone disease. A GGT test can be done when a person has a higher ALP level. The aim is to measure the levels of the SGPT enzyme in the blood to see whether there is liver damage. If the cells in the liver are damaged, the SGPT enzyme will be released from the liver cells and enter the blood. Well, this is what causes the enzyme content to increase in the blood. A GGT test can be performed when the ALP test results are high, but other tests that are part of liver function tests (such as AST and ALT) are not elevated. The Gamma GT test may be performed simultaneously with, or as a follow-up to other liver function tests.
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Ceftriaxone is a medicine for what disease? Ceftriaxone is a drug that you can use to treat bacterial infections in various parts of the body. This drug belongs to a class of drugs that many people know as cephalosporin antibiotics. The way it works is by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Ceftriaxone is available in injection form and you can only get it with a doctor’s prescription. Ceftriaxone injection is useful for treating infections caused by bacteria, such as:

- Gonorrhea: s*xually transmitted infection.
- Pelvic inflammatory disease: infection of the female reproductive organs that can cause infertility.
- Meningitis, infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
- Bacterial infections in various other parts of the body, such as the lungs, ears, skin, urinary tract, blood, bones, joints and stomach.

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Snacks are small portions of food eaten between two meals. Most people think that snacks are the cause of obesity, even though snacks function to maintain the body’s metabolism during the break before big meals. To prevent unwanted weight gain, we can choose healthy snacks that will keep the body from starving until meal time arrives. In general, snacks are associated with sweet foods, such as cakes, cookies, ice cream, or popcorn. However, snacks like this contain more fat and high carbohydrates with minimal nutritional value. Even though many healthy snack choices come from fruit, vegetables, nuts and seeds, as well as low-fat dairy products. The following is a description of some of these healthy snacks, including:

1. Fruit and Vegetables
2. Low Fat Dairy Products
3. Nuts and Grains

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Have you ever heard of cleft palate? Cleft palate is a conge***al disorder characterized by a gap in the lip. The gap can appear in the middle, right, or left side of the lip. Cleft lip is often accompanied by the appearance of a gap in the roof of the mouth called a cleft palate. Cleft lip occurs when the tissue that forms the fetus’ lip does not fuse perfectly. Mothers whose families have a history of cleft lip are more at risk of giving birth to a baby who suffers from cleft lip. Other conditions that can increase a mother’s risk of giving birth to a baby with a cleft lip are:

- Exposure to cigarette smoke during pregnancy, either as an active or passive smoker
- Consuming alcoholic drinks while pregnant
- Experiencing obesity during pregnancy
- Suffered from diabetes before pregnancy
- Experiencing folic acid deficiency during pregnancy
- Taking certain medications, such as topiramate, valproic acid, corticosteroids, retinoids, and methotrexate, during pregnancy

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Marshall syndrome is an inherited condition characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, eye abnormalities, hearing loss, and arthritis. People with this syndrome can also have short stature. This condition occurs due to genetic changes in the COL11A1 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. This means that the gene is dominant, so that just one inherited copy of the gene can cause the disease. Marshall syndrome is caused by a mutation in the COL11A1 gene located on chromosome 1p21.1. This gene provides instructions for making a type XI collagen component called pro-alpha1(XI) chain. Symptoms of Marshall syndrome can be different for each person. Some people may have more symptoms than others, and the symptoms can range from mild to severe.
The following are the symptoms that sufferers of this syndrome can experience:
- Flat face. People with this syndrome have a flat, concave center of the face with a flat nose bridge and nostrils pointing upwards.
- Hypertelorism. The distance between the eyes is wider than normal.
- Brachycephaly. A condition where there is a flat or flat area at the back of the baby’s skull.
- Eye defects. People with Marshall syndrome can also experience eye defects, such as nearsightedness, cataracts (an eye disease in which the lens loses its clarity), and a wide distance between the eyes that makes the eyeball appear larger than usual.
- Hearing disorders. This can range from mild to severe. Sound distortion is a consequence of nerve damage (sensorineural).
- Squint or esotropia.
- Hypertropia, a condition where the line of sight is higher in one eye than the other eye.
- Protruding upper incisors.
- Nasal bones that are smaller than normal or missing.
- Short stature.
- Arthralgia (joint pain).

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Septic arthritis is a disease of the joints that occurs due to bacterial, viral or fungal infections. Generally, this disease occurs in large joints in the body, such as the knee or hip joints. Although it can affect anyone, this condition is more common in babies and elderly people. The main cause of septic arthritis is Staphylococcus aureus bacterial infection. These bacteria can enter, live and grow even when the skin is not injured. In artificial joints, symptoms can develop slowly over months or even years after surgery.
The following are symptoms that you can recognize:

- Swelling in the joints.
- Fever.
- Joint pain, especially when you try to move it.
- Tired and weak.
- Difficulty moving the limb in the infected joint.

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Sarcoidosis is the appearance of a collection of inflammatory cells spread in different parts of the body. Generally this disease appears in the eyes, skin, lymph nodes and lungs. Sarcoidosis can last for years and can cause the related organs to fail to function. In cases that have occurred, sarcoidosis can disappear by itself. However, generally this condition cannot be treated. The cause of sarcoidosis is thought to originate from infectious organisms, dust factors, chemicals, or other sources of infection which trigger immune cells to gather and form an inflammatory pattern.
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