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𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗶𝗱 𝗣𝗲𝗿𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹𝗶𝘁𝘆 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿

Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is a chronic and pervasive condition characterized by social isolation and feelings of indifference toward other people. Those who live with this disorder are often described as distant or withdrawn and tend to avoid social situations that involve interaction with other people.

Cause of this disorder is unknown. It may be related to schizophrenia and shares many of the same risk factors.

Schizoid personality disorder is not as disabling as schizophrenia. It doesn't cause the disconnection from reality (in the form of hallucinations or delusions) that occurs in schizophrenia.

Some of the major treatment options are –
1) Medications can help cope with the symptoms of anxiety or depression though no antipsychotics are administered for dull emotions and social issues.
2) Psychotherapy helps modify rigid behaviours without pushing too hard.
3) Group therapy besides providing a support structure to improve social interaction and motivation, and it also helps with practice of new interpersonal skills.
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𝗔𝗹𝗰𝗼𝗵𝗼𝗹𝗶𝘀𝗺 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗣𝘀𝘆𝗰𝗵𝗶𝗮𝘁𝗿𝗶𝗰 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿𝘀

Heavy alcohol use directly affects brain function and alters various brain chemical (i.e., neurotransmitter) and hormonal systems known to be involved in the development of many common mental disorders (e.g., mood and anxiety disorders). Thus, it is not surprising that alcoholism can manifest itself in a broad range of psychiatric symptoms and signs.

You may feel like alcohol is your coping mechanism: a way to deal with depression, stress, anxiety or other difficult feelings. You might be nervous about what life would be like if you stopped drinking or cut back. But relying on alcohol to manage your mental well-being can become a problem in itself. There’s no shame in asking for help and exploring what a new relationship with alcohol could look like.
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𝗪𝗼𝗿𝗹𝗱 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 𝗗𝗮𝘆 𝟮𝟬𝟮𝟮 - 𝟲 𝘄𝗮𝘆𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗳𝗼𝗰𝘂𝘀 𝗼𝗻 𝘆𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗵𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵

The World Health Organisation recognises World Mental Health Day on 10 October every year.

The theme of 2022's World Mental Health Day, set by the World Federation for Mental Health, is 'Make mental health and wellbeing for all a global priority'.

Mental health problems exist in our lives, families, workplaces and communities, impacting everyone. We must do as much as possible to prevent mental ill-health – as individuals and as a society. We will continue to call on national and local governments to prioritise reducing the factors known to pose a risk to people’s mental health, enhancing those known to protect it and creating the conditions needed for people to thrive.

World Mental Health Day is also a chance to talk about mental health in general, how we need to look after it, and how important it is to talk about things and get help if you are struggling.
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𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗗 - 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿

Schizoaffective disorder is a mental health condition with symptoms of schizophrenia and a mood disorder. People with schizoaffective disorder may experience depression, mania and psychosis. Schizoaffective disorder treatment often includes therapy and medications. This combination can improve symptoms and quality of life.

𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘀

Symptoms of schizoaffective disorder tend to be severe and vary for each individual. They can be broadly categorized into depressive symptoms, manic symptoms, and schizophrenia symptoms.

Those with bipolar type will experience a manic episode and may also have depressive episodes, while those with the depressive type will only experience the depressive symptoms.
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𝗘𝗫𝗣𝗟𝗔𝗜𝗡𝗘𝗗 - 𝗦𝗵𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗳𝗼𝗿𝗺 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 vs. 𝗦𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗮

The validity of schizophreniform disorder remains controversial. Past research suggests that cases of schizophreniform disorder may be: (1). atypical cases of affective disorders, (2). cases of schizophrenia in early course, or (3). a heterogeneous group of disorders including a subgroup with benign course and outcome which maintains this diagnosis in the long term.

Compared to patients with schizophrenia, those with schizophreniform disorder were more likely to remit fully by 6 months and retain this status by 24 months.

The symptoms of both conditions are severe and impact daily functioning. The main feature of both conditions is a loss of the ability to tell the difference between what is real and what is not.
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𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝗹𝗶𝗲𝗻𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻?

Parental alienation can be defined as the outcome of a process where one parent (the alienating parent) uses parental alienating behaviors to damage the relationship between their child (alienated child) and the child’s other parent (targeted parent). Consequently, the alienated child rejects the targeted parent for no justifiable reason.

The psychological community does not recognize parental alienation as a diagnosable condition. However, brainwashing a child to hate a parent does occur and is recognized by the courts (provided there’s robust evidence). Unfortunately, there are also instances of false allegations of alienation for custody or financial purposes.

One reason parental alienation can start involves a parent having come to rely on their child for emotional support, a need that intensifies during a divorce. To continue supporting the parent, and without evidence to the contrary, the child comes to believe and internalize the alienating parents’ vitriol. Other motivations include revenge, jealousy, the financial extortion.
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𝗘𝗺𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗲𝘁𝗮𝗰𝗵𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁: 𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗜𝘁 𝗜𝘀

Emotional detachment is a form of dissociation and disconnection from the self and others. Emotional detachment can be a normal, voluntary strategy to set clear boundaries. Like most things in life, balance and moderation are key. However, it can evolve into a negative response if the continual disengagement prevents you from being able to meaningfully share space and connect with others.

Treatment for emotional detachment depends on what is causing it and what the individual's goals are. If it is a component of another condition, such as depression or PTSD, the whole condition needs to be treated.

Psychotherapy (talk therapy) may be beneficial for people experiencing emotional detachment. This might include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which involves identifying and examining maladaptive thoughts and behaviors and transforming them into healthier processes and strategies. Or it could include psychodynamic psychotherapy, which emphasizes the acknowledgement and expression of affect, and examines our emotional defense mechanisms.

If there is a relationship component to the emotional detachment, therapies are available that address the couple or family as a whole.
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𝗕𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗸𝘁𝗵𝗿𝗼𝘂𝗴𝗵: 𝗡𝗲𝘄 𝗱𝗿𝘂𝗴 ‘𝘀𝗹𝗼𝘄𝘀 𝗱𝗲𝗰𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝗔𝗹𝘇𝗵𝗲𝗶𝗺𝗲𝗿’𝘀 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗲𝗻𝘁𝘀 𝗯𝘆 𝟮𝟳%’

Trial results for a new medicine to treat Alzheimer’s disease have been described as a historic breakthrough and an unequivocal win for those with the condition. Its developer, Japanese firm Eisai, has even said the results “prove” the hypothesis that the disease is caused by a build-up of a protein called amyloid in the brain.

The new drug, called lecanemab, is an antibody that binds to amyloid, leading to it being cleared from the brain by the immune system.
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𝗗𝗲𝗹𝘂𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿

Delusional disorder is a type of mental health condition in which a person can’t tell what’s real from what’s imagined. It is an unshakable belief in something that’s untrue. The belief isn’t a part of the person’s culture or subculture, and almost everyone else knows this belief to be false.

People with delusional disorder often experience non-bizarre delusions. Non-bizarre delusions involve situations that could possibly occur in real life, such as being followed, deceived or loved from a distance. Non-bizarre delusions are different from bizarre delusions, which include beliefs that are impossible in our reality.

People with delusional disorder often continue to socialize and function well, apart from the subject of their delusion. Generally, they don’t behave in an odd or unusual manner. This is unlike people with other psychotic disorders, who might also have delusions as a symptom. In some cases, however, people with delusional disorder might become so preoccupied with their delusions that their lives are disrupted.
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𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝘃𝘀. 𝗗𝗲𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻

Grief and depression share similar symptoms, but each is a distinct experience. Making the distinction between the two is important for knowing how to treat and cope with your symptoms.

𝐆𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐟 tends to decrease over time and occurs in waves that are triggered by thoughts or reminders of its cause.

𝐃𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧, on the other hand, tends to be present no matter what the circumstances are.
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𝗛𝗼𝘄 𝘁𝗼 𝗿𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝘁𝗶𝗴𝗺𝗮 𝗼𝗳 𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀?

More than half of people with mental illness don't receive help for their disorders. Often, people avoid or delay seeking treatment due to concerns about being treated differently or fears of losing their jobs and livelihood. That's because stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness is still very much a problem.

Stigma, prejudice and discrimination against people with mental illness can be subtle or it can be obvious—but no matter the magnitude, it can lead to harm. People with mental illness are marginalized and discriminated against in various ways, but understanding what that looks like and how to address and eradicate it can help.
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'𝗣𝗿𝗼𝗹𝗼𝗻𝗴𝗲𝗱 𝗚𝗿𝗶𝗲𝗳 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿' 𝗜𝘀 𝗡𝗼𝘄 𝗮𝗻 𝗢𝗳𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝗻𝗱𝗶𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻—𝗧𝗵𝗲𝘀𝗲 𝗔𝗿𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘀 𝘁𝗼 𝗞𝗻𝗼𝘄

Grief is a natural response to the loss of a loved one. For most people, the symptoms of grief begin to decrease over time. However, for a small group of people, the feeling of intense grief persists, and the symptoms are severe enough to cause problems and stop them from continuing with their lives.

For a diagnosis of prolonged grief disorder, the loss of a loved one had to have occurred at least a year ago for adults, and at least 6 months ago for children and adolescents. In addition, the grieving individual must have experienced at least three of the symptoms below nearly every day for at least the last month prior to the diagnosis.
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𝗜𝘀 𝗜𝘁 𝗚𝗲𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 𝘁𝗼 𝗟𝗼𝘀𝗲 𝗪𝗲𝗶𝗴𝗵𝘁?

Scientists have warned that the presence of plastic in everyday items could be a factor responsible for obesity.

The presence of certain chemicals known as “obesogens” in everyday items disturbs the normal functioning of human metabolism, upsetting the body’s ability to regulate its intake and expenditure of energy.

For several decades, researchers have noted that lab animals gain weight when they are exposed to specific substances. Scientists realize now that those substances are endocrine disruptors, which means these chemicals affect the normal function of hormones in animals and people.‌
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𝗦𝘆𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗙𝗲𝗮𝗿 𝗼𝗳 𝗛𝗮𝗿𝗺 (𝗙𝗢𝗛) 𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝗶𝗽𝗼𝗹𝗮𝗿 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿

Fear of harm is not currently listed as a distinct diagnosis in the DSM-5-TR. Instead, it is considered through research to be a “syndrome” related to bipolar disorder, which means that it is a way to describe a certain manifestation of the disorder.

In addition, the Juvenile Bipolar Research Foundation has outlined proposed diagnostic criteria for fear of harm in pediatric bipolar disorder
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𝗣𝗮𝗿𝗸𝗶𝗻𝘀𝗼𝗻'𝘀 𝗗𝗲𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗶𝗮

Parkinson’s dementia is a form of dementia that is typically diagnosed in someone years after being diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. This type of dementia is oftentimes difficult to diagnose, and causes both motor and cognitive symptoms that impact the individual’s ability to accomplish daily tasks. There are characteristics of Parkinson’s dementia that distinguish it from other diseases associated with dementia. People diagnosed with this type of dementia deal with motor impairments—slowed movement and trouble moving, tremors while at rest, and unstable walking—and difficulty in thinking and reasoning, such as memory loss, shortened attention span, and difficulty finding words.
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𝗠𝗘𝗡𝗧𝗔𝗟 𝗛𝗘𝗔𝗟𝗧𝗛 — 𝗦𝗽𝗼𝘁𝘁𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝘀𝗶𝗴𝗻𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗮𝗻 𝗮𝗰𝘂𝘁𝗲 𝘀𝗰𝗵𝗶𝘇𝗼𝗽𝗵𝗿𝗲𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗲𝗽𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗱𝗲

Most people with schizophrenia make a recovery, although many will experience the occasional return of symptoms (relapses).

Support and treatment can help patients to easily and independently manage their condition and the impact it has on their lives. Caring for one’s own health can also make treating the condition easier and help reduce anxiety, depression and fatigue. It can help the sufferer to have a better quality of life and be more active and independent.
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𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗮𝗳𝗳𝗲𝗰𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗱𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 (𝗦𝗔𝗗) 𝗼𝗿 𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗼𝗻𝗮𝗹 𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻?

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) is a type of depression that comes and goes in a seasonal pattern.

SAD is sometimes known as "winter depression" because the symptoms are usually more apparent and more severe during the winter.

The exact cause of SAD is not fully understood, but it's often linked to reduced exposure to sunlight during the shorter autumn and winter days.

The main theory is that a lack of sunlight might stop a part of the brain called the hypothalamus working properly.
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𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗱𝗼 𝗮𝗻𝘅𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆 𝗮𝗻𝗱 𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗹𝗼𝗼𝗸 𝗹𝗶𝗸𝗲 𝗶𝗻 𝘁𝗲𝗲𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗲𝗿𝘀?

Anyone can go through a slump. Parents should take notice when their teen’s behavior changes abruptly.

A common sign of depression in teens is irritability and an inability to tolerate stress or adversity. Depression can also make it hard for teens to get along with their family and friends. They often isolate themselves and lose interest in activities they once enjoyed.

In younger adolescents, anxiety often arises as social anxiety and fear of group situations or not performing well — in or out of school. As teens approach graduation and early adulthood, the source of their anxiety can shift to fear about the future or their identities.
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𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗳𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝘁 𝗼𝗿 𝗯𝗮𝗰𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗵𝗲𝗿𝗮𝗽𝘆 𝗼𝗿 𝗮 𝗳𝗲𝗰𝗮𝗹 𝗺𝗶𝗰𝗿𝗼𝗯𝗶𝗼𝘁𝗮 𝘁𝗿𝗮𝗻𝘀𝗽𝗹𝗮𝗻𝘁 (𝗙𝗠𝗧)?

FMT treats patients through the insertion of stool from a healthy individual into the gut of an ill patient. This delivers healthy microbes to their gut, and replaces bad bacteria. The purpose is for the healthy bacteria to stave off the bad bacteria living in the guts of someone who is sick.

Despite the promising results of FMT, several barriers remain, including determining the characteristics of a healthy microbiome, ensuring the safety of the recipient with respect to long-term outcomes, adequate monitoring of the recipient of f***l material, achieving high-quality control, and maintaining reasonable costs. For these reasons, establishing uniform protocols for stool preparation, finding the best modes of FMT administration, maintaining large databases of donors and recipients, and assuring that oral ingestion is equivalent to the more widely accepted colonoscopic infusion are issues that need to be addressed.
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***ltransplant ***lmicrobiotatransplant

𝗠𝗮𝗻𝗮𝗴𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝘀𝗹𝗲𝗲𝗽-𝘄𝗮𝗸𝗲 𝗽𝗮𝘁𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻 𝗰𝗼𝘂𝗹𝗱 𝗯𝗲 𝘁𝗵𝗲 𝗸𝗲𝘆 𝘁𝗼 𝘁𝗮𝗰𝗸𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗶𝗹𝗹𝗻𝗲𝘀𝘀

Circadian rhythm disruption (CRD) is a psychopathology factor shared by a broad range of mental illnesses and that research into its molecular foundation could be key to unlocking better therapies and treatments.

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𝗦𝗶𝗴𝗻𝘀 𝗬𝗼𝘂𝗿 𝗖𝗵𝗶𝗹𝗱 𝗠𝗮𝘆 𝗕𝗲 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝘂𝗴𝗴𝗹𝗶𝗻𝗴 𝗪𝗶𝘁𝗵 𝗠𝗲𝗻𝘁𝗮𝗹 𝗛𝗲𝗮𝗹𝘁𝗵 𝗜𝘀𝘀𝘂𝗲𝘀

It can be hard to tell when your child’s emotions or behavior are something to worry about. After all, every kid gets moody or misbehaves sometimes.

Mental health experts have put together a list of signs that your child might be dealing with a mental health disorder.

If you have any concerns about your child’s behavior or suspect a mental illness, talk to your child’s pediatrician and ask for a referral to a mental health specialist. Also, be sure to share your concerns with your child’s school and find support by connecting with other families.
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𝗬𝗢𝗨 𝗣𝗥𝗢𝗕𝗔𝗕𝗟𝗬 𝗦𝗛𝗔𝗥𝗘 𝗗𝗡𝗔 𝗪𝗜𝗧𝗛 𝗦𝗧𝗥𝗔𝗡𝗚𝗘𝗥𝗦 𝗪𝗛𝗢 𝗟𝗢𝗢𝗞 𝗟𝗜𝗞𝗘 𝗬𝗢𝗨

Doppelgängers may not just look remarkably alike - they may also share similar behaviours.

That’s according to research conducted on people who look extremely similar, but are not related.

The researchers found that some doppelgangers share characteristics in genes that are responsible for facial features.

These genes can also affect behavioural traits - and shared behavioural traits between the doppelgängers were also verified by the researchers.

These can include common habits like smoking and traits such as how people respond to education.

In the paper, published in the journal Cell Reports, the authors state that the molecular characteristics that can potentially influence the formation of the human face “correlate with both physical and behavioural attributes that constitute human beings”.
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𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗿𝗼𝗱𝘂𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘁𝗼 𝗜𝗻𝘁𝗲𝗿𝗻𝗲𝘁 𝗔𝗱𝗱𝗶𝗰𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 (𝗜𝗔𝗗)

Internet addiction is an umbrella term that refers to the compulsive need to spend a great deal of time on the Internet, to the point where relationships, work and health are allowed to suffer.

Medical opinion is divided on whether Internet addiction exists as a mental disorder in its own right.

Professional treatment, which may include cognitive behaviour therapy, aims to allow the person to use the Internet properly rather than compulsively.
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𝗪𝗵𝗮𝘁 𝗶𝘀 𝗣𝗼𝘀𝘁𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘂𝗺𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗰 𝗦𝘁𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗼𝗿𝗱𝗲𝗿 (𝗣𝗧𝗦𝗗)?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event.

Examples of events that can trigger post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) include wars, crimes, fires, accidents, death of a loved one, or abuse of some form. Thoughts and memories recur even though the danger has passed.

It is thought to affect between 7 and 8 percent of the population, and women are more likely to be affected than men.

Instead of feeling better as time goes on, the individual may become more anxious and fearful. PTSD can disrupt a person’s life for years, but treatment can help them recover.

People who repeatedly experience traumatic situations, such as severe neglect, abuse or violence, may be diagnosed with complex PTSD.

Complex PTSD can cause similar symptoms to PTSD and may not develop until years after the event.
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𝗠𝗮𝗹𝗮𝗱𝗮𝗽𝘁𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴, also called 𝗲𝘅𝗰𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘃𝗲 𝗱𝗮𝘆𝗱𝗿𝗲𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻𝗴

Maladaptive daydreaming (MD) is a relatively new addition to the list of mental health conditions and disorders, with research into it beginning in the 21st century.

Individuals with MD are, in essence, addicted to their own daydreams, spending hours each day living out highly detailed, long-running fantasy plots in their minds.

For some, these fantasies are akin to being the director of your own long-running TV show. For others, they are a way to feel the validation and meaning that they so desperately lack in their real lives.

For all maladaptive daydreamers, the compulsion to daydream is so strong that it causes major disruptions to their lives.
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𝗩𝗶𝘁𝗮𝗺𝗶𝗻 𝗕𝟲 & 𝗕𝟭𝟮 𝗺𝗮𝘆 𝗿𝗲𝗱𝘂𝗰𝗲 𝗮𝗻𝘅𝗶𝗲𝘁𝘆, 𝗱𝗲𝗽𝗿𝗲𝘀𝘀𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝘀𝘆𝗺𝗽𝘁𝗼𝗺𝘀

Anxiety and mood disorders can affect people of all ages, from children to older adults. There are several types of disorders that fall under the umbrella of anxiety disorders, including panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and social anxiety disorder.

The functioning of the brain relies on a delicate balance between the excitatory neurons that carry information around and inhibitory ones, which prevent runaway activity.

The inhibition-excitation balance being off in the brain has been linked to anxiety, depression, autism, and schizophrenia. Additionally, some people may experience visual and other sensory disturbances in many of these mental health conditions, and these are thought to be related to excitation-inhibition imbalances in the visual cortex.

Vitamin B6 is involved in a number of other pathways that are likely to reduce neural excitation. Vitamin B12 shares two of the same pathways, so the researchers wanted to test it as well to see what effect it would have.

The researchers screened the participants for anxiety and depression before and after the vitamin or placebo regimens using the Screen For Adult Anxiety Related Disorders (SCAARED) and Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ).

The researchers had the participants complete visual and tactile tests at the end of the trial.
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