王医生

骨关节炎的等级是多少？
骨关节炎分为4个阶段
1级：膝关节损伤最小，软骨损伤10%
2级； 关节之间的距离缩小，软骨开始破坏，骨赘（新骨）生长
第 3 阶段：关节之间的距离越来越近，软骨对骨骼的破坏
4级：太窄，距离窄，60%的软骨已经被破坏。 一个大骨赘

骨关节炎的原因
了解促进软骨侵蚀过程发生的因素对于能够积极有效地预防骨关节炎至关重要。 事实上，这种慢性健康问题通常是衰老的结果。 然而，有时关节也会因许多其他复杂因素而退化，例如：
受伤或过度运动使关节健康减弱，容易退化导致退化
超重或肥胖会给膝盖和臀部等关节带来更大压力，增加受伤风险并加速关节退化。
一些客观原因如性别、遗传因素、种族...
此外，风湿性关节炎、糖尿病（diabetes）、痛风（gout）……等疾病也会导致关节退化，常见的症状有疼痛、肿胀、僵硬、活动困难等，极大地影响了人们的工作和日常生活。

骨关节炎的症状
- 退行性膝关节
由于身体的自然老化过程或一些风险因素，如意外、肥胖、剧烈运动、不经常运动、不良饮食、习惯或蹲下......患者会感到前部和膝关节疼痛，听力弯曲和伸展时有爆裂声，移动时疼痛加剧。
- 膝关节炎
有了关节炎，光滑的骨骼和软骨就会磨损，变得粗糙不平。 关节有很多摩擦，减少了软骨的减震作用，导致疼痛和运动困难。 膝盖疼痛通常发生在清晨，伴有持续长达 30 分钟的僵硬。
- 类风湿关节炎
自身免疫性疾病对滑膜、关节软骨和软骨下骨造成严重损伤，引起关节疼痛、僵硬，最终导致关节畸形和强直性脊柱炎。

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什么是坐骨神经痛？
坐骨神经痛是沿着坐骨神经路径放射的疼痛，坐骨神经从腰部分支到臀部、臀部和每条腿。 通常，坐骨神经痛只影响身体的一侧。
当腰椎（下部）脊柱出现椎间盘突出时，通常会发生坐骨神经痛。 椎骨（构成脊柱的骨骼）由圆盘和结缔组织分隔和缓冲。 当圆盘因外伤或使用多年而磨损时，其中心可能会开始推出外环。 此外，脊柱上的骨头或椎管狭窄会压迫部分神经。 这会导致腿部发炎、疼痛和麻木。

关节炎：预防和治疗的建议
关节炎是一种常见的老年疾病，会导致疼痛、僵硬和运动受限。预防和治疗关节炎的最佳方法是保持适度的身体活动和健康的饮食。此外，定期进行体检和检查骨密度也是重要的预防措施。
如果已经被诊断出关节炎，可以采取药物治疗、物理疗法和手术治疗等方法。药物治疗包括止痛药、消炎药和类固醇等，物理疗法包括理疗和按摩，手术治疗则是针对严重的情况，如关节炎造成了严重的关节破坏。
关节炎虽然不能完全治愈，但通过适当的预防和治疗，可以减轻症状并提高生活质量。

Maintaining a Healthy Liver

The best way to avoid liver disease is to take active steps toward a healthy life. The following are some recommendations that will help keep the liver functioning as it should:

Avoid Illicit Drugs: Illicit drugs are toxins that the liver must filter out. Taking these drugs can cause long-term damage.
Drink Alcohol Moderately: Alcohol must be broken down by the liver. While the liver can moderate amounts, excessive alcohol use can cause damage.
Exercise Regularly: A regular exercise routine will help promote general health for every organ, including the liver.
Eat Healthy Foods: Eating excessive fats can make it difficult for the liver to function and lead to fatty liver disease.
Practice Safe S*x: Use protection to avoid sexually transmitted diseases such as hepatitis C.
Vaccinate: Especially when traveling, get appropriate vaccinations against hepatitis A and B, as well as diseases such as malaria and yellow fever, which grow in the liver.

Parts of the liver
The following are some of the most important individual parts of the liver:

Common Hepatic Duct: A tube that carries bile out of the liver. It is formed from the intersection of the right and left hepatic ducts.
Falciform Ligament: A thin, fibrous ligament that separates the two lobes of the liver and connects it to the abdominal wall.
Glisson’s Capsule: A layer of loose connective tissue that surrounds the liver and its related arteries and ducts.
Hepatic Artery: The main blood vessel that supplies the liver with oxygenated blood.
Hepatic Portal Vein: The blood vessel that carries blood from the gastrointestinal tract, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen to the liver.
Lobes: The anatomical sections of the liver.
Lobules: Microscopic building blocks of the liver.
Peritoneum: A membrane covering the liver that forms the exterior.

Anatomy of the Liver
The liver is reddish-brown and shaped approximately like a cone or a wedge, with the small end above the spleen and stomach and the large end above the small intestine. The entire organ is located below the lungs in the right upper abdomen. It weighs between 3 and 3.5 pounds.

Structure
The liver consists of four lobes: the larger right lobe and left lobe, and the smaller caudate lobe and quadrate lobe. The left and right lobe are divided by the falciform (“sickle-shaped” in Latin) ligament, which connects the liver to the abdominal wall. The liver’s lobes can be further divided into eight segments, which are made up of thousands of lobules (small lobes). Each of these lobules has a duct flowing toward the common hepatic duct, which drains bile from the liver.

Functions of the Liver
The liver is an essential organ of the body that performs over 500 vital functions. These include removing waste products and foreign substances from the bloodstream, regulating blood sugar levels, and creating essential nutrients. Here are some of its most important functions:

Albumin Production: Albumin is a protein that keeps fluids in the bloodstream from leaking into surrounding tissue. It also carries hormones, vitamins, and enzymes through the body.
Bile Production: Bile is a fluid that is critical to the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.
Filters Blood: All the blood leaving the stomach and intestines passes through the liver, which removes toxins, byproducts, and other harmful substances.
Regulates Amino Acids: The production of proteins depend on amino acids. The liver makes sure amino acid levels in the bloodstream remain healthy.
Regulates Blood Clotting: Blood clotting coagulants are created using vitamin K, which can only be absorbed with the help of bile, a fluid the liver produces.
Resists Infections: As part of the filtering process, the liver also removes bacteria from the bloodstream.
Stores Vitamins and Minerals: The liver stores significant amounts of vitamins A, D, E, K, and B12, as well as iron and copper.
Processes Glucose: The liver removes excess glucose (sugar) from the bloodstream and stores it as glycogen. As needed, it can convert glycogen back into glucose.

🌿 The liver is an organ of all vertebrates, including humans. This organ plays an important role in metabolism and a number of other functions in the body such as glycogen storage, plasma protein synthesis, and detoxification.
🌿 The liver also produces bile, an important fluid in the digestive process.
🌿 The liver is considered the chemical factory of the body because it is responsible for and regulates many biochemical reactions that occur only in a few special organs of the body.
👉 Therefore, protecting your liver is also protecting your life
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