Pill Special Medical laboratory Warri Delta State

How transfusion started,
Back in the olden days

𝐂𝐥𝐨𝐭𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐅𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐬 𝐡/𝐭🩸

🩸The common abnormal shapes of erythrocytes or RBC

Streak Pattern

MicrobeNotes

TYPES OF READING SKILL
There are several types of book reading that people engage in, Knowing how to navigate them all is crucial for a total reader, depending on your preferences, interests, and goals.
Some of the most common types of book reading include:
1. Scanning
Scanning is a quick reading strategy, focused on locating a specific information in a text, such as names or dates.
2. Intensive ReadingThis can sometimes be seen as a narrow form of Reading. It involves reading a lot of collections in a certain area so you can become a master.
3. Extensive Reading: Involves reading large amount of high interest materials.This type of Reading is carried out for you to have a general understanding of a certain subject.
Recreational reading: This is reading for pleasure, where people choose books that they enjoy and that provide an escape from their everyday lives.
Educational reading: This type of reading is done to learn new things or to gain a deeper understanding of a subject.
Analytical reading: This is a more intensive form of reading that involves closely examining a text and analyzing its themes, structure, and style.
Skimming: This is a quick reading strategy where a person scans a text to get the main ideas or to find specific information or to ascertain the general message of the author.
Speed reading: This is a reading technique that involves reading a text quickly by focusing on the main ideas and skipping over less important details.
Deep reading: This is a type of reading that involves engaging with a text at a deeper level, reflecting on the ideas and themes, and making connections to other texts or experiences.

Picturial summary of typhoid fever including incubation period

Most times we find it difficult to understand or identify most urine crystals.

We can see crystals in distinct clinical studies, like
kidney stone disease or acute crystal nephropathy

imagining crystals under the microscope does not ascertain that the crystals were existing in the urinary system.

Crystals can persist to form after being void. The precipitation after passing urine out is most generally due to changes in temperature change.

This can arise when the urine is

1. bottled at room temperature,
2. kept in a refrigerator,
3. alterations in urinary pH,
4. in the presence of infection due to urea breaking down organisms.

Crystals found in Urine
1. Uric acid
2. Calcium oxalate
3. Triple phosphate
4. Bilirubin
5. Tyrosine
6. Sulfa
7. Cholesterol
8. Hippuric
9. Calcium phosphate
10. Cystine
11. Acyclovir
12. Indinavir
13. Leucine
14. Ammon biurate
15. Calcium carbonate
Note that we have abnormal and normal crystals, So don't mistake anyone for the others.
It is best advised that you carry out the microscope as soon as the urine is been void
Also note that when your slides are not clean, you may see some in wanted particles that look like crystals
Note that mould grows on most slides which may look like leucine, sulfa, biurate or tyrosine
Uric acid crystals may be differ in both size & shape

I know most of use here are familiar with just one shape but that is not the case

It may look as if it's barrel, rhomboids, rosettes, hexagonal plates or needles like

They are amber in color, undermining their size or shape.

Note that, urate crystals may surmise the color of any pigments like bilirubin or pyridium drugs that are present in the urine.
Calcium oxalate crystals are commonly seen in acidic urine. Calcium oxalate crystals appear as colorless of various sizes such as envelope form and can assume several shapes also like ovoids, biconcave disks, rods and dumbbells

They can also be found in normal patient with high dietary supplements oxalate intake
Triple phosphate is also called struvite crystals

It can be identified as having a “coffin-lid”-shaped like shape.

These are comprised of magnesium ammonium phosphate are commonly seen in alkaline urinetay has a urine pH > 7.0.

Triple phosphate crystals are found in patients urine that has urinary tract infections effected by urea-splitting bacteria, like Proteus mirabilis, and are often found in the urine of patients with infected calculi.

leukocyturia and also bacteriuria can be seen in the microscopy of such patients having urinary tract infections.

Incubation period of some diseases

Vitamins for good health