Independent School for the City

On Wednesday 13th November we are hosting an evening about Architecture and Spatial Justice in Palestine, supported by the International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam (IABR) and the Independent School for the City.

Due to great interest, this event is already fully booked. You can send an email to [email protected] to be placed on the waiting list. In addition, the event will be recorded and published on our website a few days later. Find more info at: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/architecture-and-spatial-justice-in-palestine/

Next week we will start the second edition of Fables of the Reconstruction. This course is a seminar of 3 afternoon sessions about the rebuilding of destroyed cities, taking place on Friday 15, 22 & 29 November 2024.

Together with Wouter Vanstiphout, Michelle Provoost, Julie Lawson, Palii Anastasiia, Oleksandra Naryzhna, Merve Bedir, Alexander d' Hooghe and Jan Willem Petersen we will discuss the mechanisms behind the reconstruction of cities, contrasting the involvement of global conglomerates and multinationals - often characterised by generic concepts - with the need for locally rooted solutions.

As with all of our activities, we want them to be accessible for everyone. Therefore special fees apply for special situations. If you want to join, but don’t have the financial means, you can send an email to [email protected], to see what is possible. More info and tickets on our website : https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2/

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Image: 22/06/23, London, United KIngdom, # # # pictured at the Ukraine Recovery Conference 2023 in Greenwich. The UK is jointly hosting with Ukraine the conference to mobilise international support for Ukraine's economic recovery from the effects of war. Credits: FDCO/Rick Robbins

On Friday, October 25, we had the 45th edition of School’s Out! For this event, we invited Pedro Gadhano - former curator at MoMA in New York and founding Director of Lisbon’s Museum of Art, Architecture, and Technology (MAAT) - to talk about his book, “Climax Change - How architecture must transform in the age of ecological emergency.”

In his talk, Pedro reflected on his journey that led him to write the book. With the experience of curating numerous exhibitions worldwide, he felt that the urgency of addressing climate change was still not effectively reaching wider audiences. This prompted him to pursue the Loeb Fellowship at Harvard University in 2020, where courses like Climate Economics and Climate Justice deepened his understanding of the issue. In “Climax Change”, he emphasised the need for a paradigm shift within architecture and beyond, backed by clear guidelines and targets to steer the profession towards ecologically-friendly design. Pedro shared insights from his research, highlighting inspiring sources, books, and publications while critically examining certain practices and myths around climate change. The lecture concluded with audience questions, many focused on how the principles proposed by Pedro could be applied in Dutch urban and architectural practices. You can watch the recordings of the lecture on our YouTube channel: https://vimeo.com/1025036985/7c1927ef7e?share=copy .

Join us on Friday, 29 November, for the last School’s Out! of 2024! For this edition we’ve invited curator Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy to talk about the decolonisation of cultural institutions. Get your tickets here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-46-with-sofia-hernandez-chong-cuy/

We are excited to announce our speaker for School’s Out! on Friday 29 November. For this evening we invited curator Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy.

From 2018 to 2023, Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy (she/her) was director of Kunstinstituut Melly in Rotterdam, the institution formerly known as Witte de With Center for Contemporary Art. In 2023, she was also a Mellon Visiting Lecturer in the Art History Department at CUNY Graduate Center in New York. Sofía regularly participates in jury panels and advisory committees. Among these are the 2023 Frieze Tate Acquisition Fund in London, the 2018 Hugo Boss Prize at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, the Montblanc de la Culture Arts Patronage Award in 2017, and the 55th Venice Biennial in 2013. Since 2022, she is a board member of International Manifesta Foundation. Previously, Sofía was the curator of contemporary art at Colección Patricia Phelps de Cisneros, a foundation with offices in New York and Caracas. She has also been director at Museo Tamayo in Mexico City; held curatorial positions in New York at Art in General and Americas Society; and worked as the artistic director and chief curator of the 9a Bienal do Mercosul (2013) in Porto Alegre. Additionally, Sofía has guest-curated exhibitions at several spaces and museums internationally, including CCA in Vilnius, Kadist Art Foundation in Paris, and MALBA in Buenos Aires. Sofía was born and raised in Baja California, Mexico.

Next to this talk, you can expect drinks, tunes and a short movie handpicked by AFFR curator Jord den Hollander. Doors open at 18:00, lecture starts at 19:00. Tickets available for 5 Euro here https://schoolforthecity.stager.co/School%27s%20Out%21/tickets. More info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-46-with-sofia-hernandez-chong-cuy/

Image 2: Sofía Hernández Chong Cuy. Photo by Sebiha Öztaş

You can still register for the second edition of our Fables of the Reconstruction seminar, taking place on Friday 15, 22 & 29 November. The seminar will this time focus on the mechanisms behind the reconstruction of cities, contrasting the involvement of global conglomerates and multinationals - often characterised by generic concepts - with the need for locally rooted solutions.

After a focus on the situation in Ukraine on the first day, the second session on Friday 22 November will dive into the destruction of a city, by war or by natural disaster, and the opportunities it offers of breaking with the past and realising political agendas or consolidating long held positions. The first one on the scene often determines the rights to the city for decades. We will look at which political agendas are being deployed in post earthquake Turkey, and who is imagining the future of Gaza? How can we rebuild, but also: how can we resist?

For this session we have invited Alexander d' Hooghe (co-founder of ORG Permanent Modernity) who will talk about working on large scale reconstruction plans, and architect and researcher Merve Bedir, who will zoom in on community reconstruction projects in Antakya and Gaziantep in Turkey after the earthquake.

This seminar will take place during 3 afternoon sessions. Tickets are available for 150 euro. Special fees apply for special situations. For more info please send an email to [email protected]. Find more info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2/

Image 1: Alexander d' Hooghe, co-founder of ORG - Permanent Modernity
Image 2: Merve Bedir. Photo by Emirkan Coeruet

On Wednesday 13 November we will host the knowledge sharing seminar Architecture and Spatial Justice in Palestine -, organised as part of a larger solidarity action being developed by an international group of committed spatial and/or cultural practitioners based in the Netherlands.

This event will examine the role of architecture, urban planning, and landscape design in the destruction and colonisation of Palestine. The panel will discuss how these fields have been used as tools of occupation and challenge the notion of their neutrality. Architecture, urban planning, and landscape management have played a significant role since the Nakba in 1948, which has been marked by occupation, exploitation, destruction. displacement, and environmental degradation. In addition to examining these destructive processes, the seminar will spotlight spatial practices and resistance strategies that counter colonisation and aim for emancipation across Palestine and the region. Through expert insights and discussion, we’ll explore how architectural professionals can respond in these challenging times.

Speakers of the evening will be Saja Amro, Leopold Lambert, and Nama'a Qudah, moderated by Ali T. Asad.
The event is in English. Participation is free of charge, but registration is required. You can register here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/architecture-and-spatial-justice-in-palestine/

Join us on Tuesday 5 November for the second evening in our lecture series Back to School with…Lena Knappers and Bram van Ooijen!

For this evening Bram and Lena have invited Mark Akkerman (Researcher at Stop Wapenhandel and TNI) and Mimi Scheller (Inaugural Dean of The Global School at Worcester Polytechnic Institute Massachusetts), to examine the intersections between climate justice and migration.

Together with them, we will talk about how many in the Global North benefit from extraction economies that worsen ocean acidification, rising sea levels, and drought, while those in the Global South face the greatest impacts of the climate crisis. Environmental justice activism addresses these imbalances. Climate justice and mobility justice aim to rectify the injustices stemming from these issues. As environmental injustices compel migration, legal scholars are debating the ethics of exclusionary immigration policies in the EU and the USA.

The event takes place on Tuesday 5 November 2024, 19:00 - 21:00 (doors open and dinner is served at 18:00). Tickets for the separate events are 17,50 euro and include a simple dinner. More info here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/back-to-school-with-lena-knappers-bram-van-ooijen-2/

Next month we will run the second edition of our Fables of the Reconstruction seminar. Taking place on Friday 15, 22 & 29 November, we will this time focus on the mechanisms behind the reconstruction of cities, contrasting the involvement of global conglomerates and multinationals - often characterised by generic concepts - with the need for locally rooted solutions.

The first session, on Friday 15 November, will focus on the reconstruction of Ukraine, starting with an introduction to the seminar by Wouter Vanstiphout and Michelle Provoost of the Independent School for the City, followed by an online presentation by International Urban and Housing Expert Julie Lawson about the challenges of Ukraine’s recovery. Afterwards, we will have a presentation by the designers Palii Anastasiia and Oleksandra Naryzhna of the Ukrainian NGO Urban Reform - an NGO that was founded in 2014, the year when Ukrainians changed power in the country through the Revolution of Dignity, the war in Donbass. With the ongoing war in Ukraine, Urban Reform is working to create temporary solutions to provide housing for IDPs, researching best practices for rebuilding cities after destruction and gathering all efforts to be useful to our country and our cities.

This seminar will take place during 3 afternoon sessions. Tickets are available for 150 euro. Special fees apply for special situations. For more info please send an email to [email protected]. Find more info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2/

Image 1: Michelle Provoost, Dean team and teacher of The Independent School for the City
Image 2: Wouter Vanstiphout, Dean team and teacher of The Independent School for the City
Image 3: Julie Lawson, Honorary Associate Professor with the Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University (Australia, based in Europe 2023) and a leading international housing researcher
Image 4: Palii Anastasiia, urbanist, project lead, and board member of the NGO Urban Reform (Ukraine)
Image 5: Oleksandra Naryzhna, co-founder and head of the non-government organization Urban Reform (Ukraine)

On the 1st of November we will kick off with the Concrete Workshop with Studio Ossidiana - a hands-on workshop on the expressive potential of concrete, involving formwork, pouring and polishing, creating a Petrified Tapestry of concrete tiles.

Participants will join Giovanni Bellotti and Alessandra Covini of Studio Ossidiana in a four-day workshop to collaboratively design and build a modular platform for eating, playing, sitting, and displaying objects. The project explores rituals around these actions, focusing on their spatial, temporal, and material aspects. Using materials sourced from the Maas river landscape, participants will craft "artificial rocks" that tell stories of the area’s geology.

The workshop begins with collecting materials from the Maas landscape, like shells and debris, to create modular tiles for a platform. Participants will focus on casting and terrazzo techniques together with artisans. The workshop starts at the Independent School for the City in Rotterdam and continues at the Tomaello concrete factory in Vlaardingen. Don’t Miss out on this amazing opportunity!

November 1st, 2nd, 9th, and 16th. Find more info, and get your tickets here.

Image 1-2: Surf and Turf Terrazzo by Studio Ossidiana. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 3: Field Platform By Studio Ossidiana. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 4: Surf and Turf Terrazzo by Studio Ossidiana. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 5: Platform for Humans and Birds. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 6: Surf and Turf Terrazzo by Studio Ossidiana. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 7: Platform for Humans and Birds. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 8-9: Field Platform By Studio Ossidiana. Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi.

Join us tonight Friday (25.10) for the 45th School’s Out! evening lecture. This time we will welcome former curator of the MOMA, New York, and founding Director of Lisbon’s Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT), Pedro Gadanho.

As a curator, writer and architect, Pedro Gadanho has for more than 15 years been ringing the alarm bell on the ecological crisis and how architects should react to it. Following his publication ‘Climax Change, How Architecture Must Transform in the Age of Ecological Emergency’ (2022), the author will reflect on his personal journey involving ecological reckonings, perspectives of societal collapse, the current potential for sci-fi urbanism and practical solutions such as ‘reuse, reuse, reuse, recycle, redo, readapt, renovate’.

As always, the lecture will be followed by a short movie screening, and drinks at the bar.
Friday 25 October 2024, 19:00 - 22:00. (Doors open at 18:00). Tickets available for 5 Euro here https://schoolforthecity.stager.co/School%27s%20Out%21/tickets. More info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-45-with-pedro-gadanho/

The Independent School for the City is organising the second edition of the Fables of the Reconstruction seminar in November 2024. Building on last year's insights, we will this time focus on the mechanisms of city reconstruction, contrasting the role of global conglomerates and multinationals—often characterized by generic concepts—with the need for locally rooted solutions.

The first session on Friday, 15 November, will explore the reconstruction of cities and infrastructure destroyed by war, addressing local rebuilding, urban masterplanning, and international influence. What has it meant for Rotterdam, bombed in 1940? And what futures are being built in Ukraine? Together with Michelle Provoost & Wouter Vanstiphout, Julie Lawson, Palii Anastasiia and Oleksandra Naryzhna (Urban Reform)
On the second session, on Friday, 22 November, we will discuss how destruction, by war or natural disaster, can break with the past and realize political agendas. We will examine post-earthquake Turkey and the future of Gaza. How can we rebuild and resist? Together with Alexander d' Hooghe (ORG - Permanent Modernity), Merve Bedir.
In the last session on Friday, 29 November, we will explore if there are general lessons from recovery experiences in places like Iraq, Afghanistan, and Kenya. Can cities develop strategies that address both immediate and long-term needs, while considering their local context? Together with Jan Willem Petersen, Rogier van den Berg (tbc), Michelle Provoost and Wouter Vanstiphout.
Tickets for the seminar are available for 150 euro. Special fees apply for special situations. For more info please send an email to [email protected].
Find more info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2/

Image: 22/06/23, London, United KIngdom, # # # pictured at the Ukraine Recovery Conference 2023 in Greenwich. The UK is jointly hosting with Ukraine the conference to mobilise international support for Ukraine's economic recovery from the effects of war. Credits: FDCO/Rick Robbins

Sunday 13 October, the 2024 International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam, titled the Nature of Hope, closed its doors. As the Independent School for the City, we also took part in the exhibition showcasing the outcome of the +2.5 Degree City Studio.

In this studio, participants dived into the Anthropocene – the geological era marking the dominant human impact on the Earth system. Together with Dirk Sijmons and Herman Kossmann, they explored this topic researching the future of five zones in the Rotterdam region that pose different challenges and that will develop in contrasting ways. Finally, they summarised their findings in a panoramic visual representation of each possible future.

Here are a few images! We want to thank the IABR team for the opportunity and mostly the participants in the studio for the outstanding work.

On Tuesday 05 November will be the second evening of Back to School with…with Lena Knappers and Bram van Ooijen, focusing on the topic of global climate borders and mobility justice.

This evening we will be joined online by Mimi Sheller who will talk about the panic about climate migration, border closures and rising xenophobic violence. She will also delve into the very needed new narratives and approaches to climate-related mobilities that protect people, places and planet. How to promote greater sharing in how we move, how we design infrastructure, and how we manage energy, water, food and other resources?

Mimi Sheller is an interdisciplinary social scientist and inaugural Dean of The Global School at Worcester Polytechnic Institute Massachusetts. She has published extensively and her recent books include Advanced Introduction to Mobilities, Island Futures: Caribbean Survival in the Anthropocene, and Mobility Justice: The Politics of Movement in an Age of Extremes.

Join the event on Wednesday 5 November (19:00-21:00).
Tickets for the events are 17,50 euro and include a simple dinner. Doors open and dinner is served at 18:00. More info here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/back-to-school-with-lena-knappers-bram-van-ooijen-2/

Next week Friday November 1st we will start the hands on Concrete Workshop with Studio Ossidiana, taking place on 1, 2, 9 and 16 November. Participants will collaboratively design and build a modular platform - a shared space for eating, playing, sitting, and displaying objects.

Studio Ossidiana is an award-winning practice working at the crossroads of architecture, design, and landscape, led by Giovanni Bellotti and Alessandra Covini. Balancing research and fabrication, the practice explores innovative approaches through buildings, materials, objects, and installations. It is their ambition to design usable and generous spaces, materials, and concepts, to both participate in a global architectural debate, as well as ground the thinking in the built environment, through permanent or temporary projects. In 2018, Studio Ossidiana was awarded the Dutch Prix de Rome, the most prestigious prize for architects under the age of 35. The studio’s work has been exhibited in international exhibitions, among others, at Venice Architecture Biennale, Istanbul Design Biennale, Chicago Architecture Biennale, Rotterdam Architecture Biennale, and Shenzhen Architecture Biennale.

Tickets are available for 250 euro. Find more info and programme on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/craftivism-workshop-with-studio-ossidiana/

Image 1: Photo by Marco Cappelletti, Courtesy of Solid Nature
Image 2: Platform for Humand and Birds, Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 3: Surf and Turf Terrazzo by Studio Ossidiana, Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 4: Field Platform By Studio Ossidiana, Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi
Image 5: Field Platform By Studio Ossidiana, Photo by Riccardo de Vecchi

Join us this Friday (25.10) for the 45th School’s Out! evening lecture. This time we will welcome former curator of the MOMA, New York, and founding Director of Lisbon’s Museum of Art, Architecture and Technology (MAAT), Pedro Gadanho.

As a curator, writer and architect, Pedro Gadanho has for more than 15 years been ringing the alarm bell on the ecological crisis and how architects should react to it. Following his publication ‘Climax Change, How Architecture Must Transform in the Age of Ecological Emergency’ (2022), the author will reflect on his personal journey involving ecological reckonings, perspectives of societal collapse,the current potential for sci-fi urbanism and practical solutions such as ‘reuse, reuse, reuse, recycle, redo, readapt, renovate’.

As always, the lecture will be followed by a short movie screening, and drinks at the bar.
Friday 25 October 2024, 19:00 - 22:00. (Doors open at 18:00). Tickets available for 5 Euro here https://schoolforthecity.stager.co/School%27s%20Out%21/tickets. More info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-45-with-pedro-gadanho/

For next Friday School’s Out! We have invited Pedro Gadanho, Lisbon-based architect, author and independent curator.

Pedro Gadanho will talk about his book "Climax Change - And What To Do With It". Following on the presentation of Climax Change, How Architecture Must Transform in the Age of Ecological Emergency, published shortly after the Covid pandemic, the author reflects on his personal journey involving ecological reckonings, perspectives of societal collapse and the current potential for sci-fi urbanism. “Climax Change!” offers an overview of how the current environmental emergency will impact the practice of architecture. At a crossroads in which the construction sector and built environment produce nearly 40% of greenhouse gases accountable for global warming, architects are just starting to acknowledge their complicity in an impending disaster. In need of a paradigm shift similar to that of the Modern Movement, architecture desperately requires clear guidelines and targets so as to operate its inevitable transformation towards an ecologically-friendly design logic. From historical analyses of ecocide or the environmental avant-gardes, to topics such as decarbonization, degrowth, the Great Transition and the aspirations of Green New Deals, this book features ten essays around today’s climate change debates, bringing them home to architectural thinking.

As always you can expect drinks and a short movie. Friday 25 October 2024, 19:00 - 22:00. (Doors open at 18:00). Tickets available for 5 Euro here https://schoolforthecity.stager.co/School%27s%20Out%21/tickets. More info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-45-with-pedro-gadanho/

With the next edition of our ongoing series on the reconstruction of cities destroyed by nature or war “Fables of the Reconstruction” coming up in November, we would like to draw your attention to a piece we wrote based on the presentations and discussions of last year.

For the next edition, which will happen on Friday 15, 22, 29 of November, we will focus on the mechanisms behind the reconstruction of cities, contrasting the involvement of global conglomerates and multinationals with the need for locally rooted solutions. We will try to understand the place of consultants, bankers, politicians, engineers, planners and architects and how they influence the development of visions and plans. Through lectures and conversations the seminar will provoke an exchange of ideas across borders.

Tickets for the seminar are available for 150 euro, you can find them here https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2/. Special fees apply for special situations. For more info please send an email to [email protected]. Read more about the previous edition here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/fables-of-the-reconstruction-2023/

Image 1-2: Screenshot Recording, Fables of The Reconstruction - Historical Perspective, Michelle Provoost, 13/10/2023
Image 3-4: Screenshot Recording, Fables of The Reconstruction - Historical Perspective, Wouter Vanstiphout 13/10/2023
Image 5-6: Screenshot Recording, Fables of The Reconstruction - Bengin Dawod on Aleppo, Syrie 20/10/2023
Image 7: Screenshot Recording, Fables of The Reconstruction - Alexander Shevchenko 20/10/2023
Image 8: Screenshot Recording, Fables of The Reconstruction - Jacopo Galli 02/11/2023

On Tuesday 05 November you can join the second session of Back to School with…Lena Knappers and Bram van Ooijen, focused on climate justice and mobility justice as an attempt to correct the injustices caused by the climate crisis.

The first guest speaker for the evening will be Mark Akkerman - a researcher at Stop Wapenhandel an independent research and campaign organisation against arms trade and arms industry, and for the Transnational Institute (TNI )an international research and advocacy institute committed to building a just, democratic and sustainable planet.

Mark Akkerman will talk about How the world’s wealthiest nations prioritise borders over climate action. He will explain how the consequences of climate change disproportionately impact poor and marginalised communities, who are least responsible for the climate crisis. At the same time, the world’s wealthiest countries – which are historically the most responsible for the climate crisis – react by militarising their borders, spending more on keeping migrants out than on tackling the crisis that forces people from their homes in the first place. In his talk he will make a connection to how the arms industry in the Global North is the main profiteer of these untenable policies.

The event takes place on Tuesday 5 November 2024 (19:00 -21:00). Tickets for the separate events are 17,50 euro and include a simple dinner. ,Doors open and dinner is served at 18:00. More info here: https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/back-to-school-with-lena-knappers-bram-van-ooijen-2/

Join us Thursday 17 October for the event “Closer - The City of Proximity”. An afternoon about proximity, the 15-minute city and the urbanisation of station areas, organised in collaboration with De Zwarte Hond, bringing together examples from Paris and the Netherlands.

After a welcome by Mike Emmerik from Independent School for the City, urbanist and partner Daan Zandbelt from De Zwarte Hond will motivate in his presentation why station areas are ideal locations for urbanisation. Patricia Pelloux of Apur - Atelier parisien d'urbanisme, the Paris Urbanism Agency that analyses and imagines the urban and societal evolution of the Grand Paris Metropolis, will then highlight which urban developments are taking place in Paris. Lastly, there will be a presentation on the station areas of Delft, by Tako Postma (City Architect Delft). At the end, there will be room for questions and discussions and we will conclude the evening with a drink.

Thursday 17 October. Doors open at 16:00, event starts at 16:30. Tickets available for 5 euro. More info on our website https://lnkd.in/eSq7kbca

We are excited to announce the Lisbon-based architect, author and independent curator Pedro Gadanho as the next speaker for School’s Out! in October.

Pedro Gadanho will talk about his book "Climax Change - And What To Do With It". During this lecture, Pedro will reflect on his personal journey involving ecological reckonings, perspectives of societal collapse and the current potential for sci-fi urbanism.

Pedro Gadanho holds an MA in art and architecture, and a PhD in Architecture and Mass Media. From 2012 to 2016, he was the curator of contemporary architecture at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, where he coordinated the Young Architects Program and curated exhibitions such as 9+1 Ways of Being Political, Uneven Growth, and A Japanese Constellation. In the Spring of 2024, he was a Guest Design Critic at the Harvard University Graduate School of Design. His previous book, Arquitetura em Público, won the FAD Prize for Thought and Criticism in 2012. He has edited the BEYOND bookazine, the ShrapnelContemporary blog, and contributes regularly to international publications.

As always you can expect a lecture, drinks and a short movie. Friday 25 October 2024, 19:00 - 22:00. (Doors open at 18:00). Tickets available for 5 Euro here https://schoolforthecity.stager.co/School%27s%20Out%21/tickets. More info on our website https://www.schoolforthecity.nl/schools-out-45-with-pedro-gadanho/