Chemistry Factss

Scientists at the University of Zurich have prepared most water-repelling fibers suitable for clothing. It is made up of polyester fibers coated with millions of tiny silicone filaments.
Silicone nanofilaments are hydrophobic and prevent water to reach inside the polyester layer.

If greenhouse gas emission is not reduced significantly, the average low and high daily temperature will continue to increase. The National Climate estimates 5 degrees F in most areas by the mid of the century.

what causes a heatwave?
A heatwave occurs when a system of high atmospheric pressure moves into an area and lasts two or more days. In such a high-pressure system, air from the upper levels of our atmosphere is pulled toward the ground, where it becomes compressed and increases in temperature.

Have you ever thought about why onions cause crying? Actually, onions contain small pockets of Sulphur trioxide(SO3). On cutting this SO3 spread in the air. It dissolves in eye moisture to produce sulphuric acid that causes eye sting.

Particles present in the air are large enough to scatter light. This is a beautiful example of the Tyndall effect.

The foam created in soap water is a colloid in which air is dispersed in a liquid medium.

Physical activity can reverse the bad impact of air pollution on health.
150 minutes of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity physical activity is recommended in a weak.

In 1942, Enrico Fermi was the first person who carried Neclear fission reaction at the University of Chicago. This historical moment is captured in this painting.

Air Pollution is playing a key role in ozone layer depletion and hence Climate Change. Exhaustive usage of fossil fuels contaminates the air with harmful gases, thus minimizing vision range. But they are also detrimental to living beings.
Clean Air act 1970 was passed in the USA to reduce the increased risk of air pollution.

Wilhelm was awarded Noble Prize in 1909 for his work on catalysis, chemical equilibria and chemical reaction velocities.

Wilhelm Ostwald rejected 'atomism' over 'energism'. He tried to explain all chemical phenomenon as 'forms of energy and its transformation'.
He remained sceptical of the real existence of the atom until 1909 when he was finally convinced by the experiments of J.J. Thomson.

John dalton used to perform chemistry experiments in his free time. He suggested many hypotheses about atomic structure, the refined form of which is an atomic theory in 1803.

John Dalton was very curious about the weather and atmosphere. He used to write down weather conditions in his diary from childhood to his death. He tried to understand, why particles of different masses in the atmosphere do not separate out into layers based on their density. This observation leads him to propose 'law of partial pressure'.

Aristotle did not agree with the atomic theory of Democritus. He came up with the idea that everything in the universe is made up of only four elements. air, water, fire, and earth.

Journey of atomic theory from indivisible particle to unlimited particles

Do you know what makes ice slippery? It's not about low friction coefficient. In fact, the pressure exerted by the scatters blade lowers the freezing point of ice beneath it. Consequently, ice melts. This water-on-ice beneath the skater’s blade is slippery enough to allow effortless skating.

First Thermometer consisted of a bulb containing air at less than atmospheric pressure. The tube attached to the bulb is immersed in a liquid, usually water. The height of the liquid in the tube gives a rough estimate of the temperature.

Hot air balloons look adorable. Hot air filled in the balloon makes it flow smoothly upward since this hot air is less dense compared to surrounding.

Sweating maintains body temperature through evaporation. High energy molecules in water evaporates and heat from body moves to maintain the energy of leftover molecules in sweat. Thus, lowering body temperature.

Thermodynamics suggests that ENTROPY TENDS TO RISE. This rise in entropy (disorder) is obvious everywhere. Can you mention any daily life observation of increasing disorder?

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Air escaping through a tyre feels cooler. Applying Joule Thomson effect, air moving from highly pressurized tyre to low pressure surrounding, makes it cool.
Learn more: inside tyre, high pressure generates intermolecular forces. When air cones out into low pressure environment, it works against intermolecular forces on the expense of internal energy. A decrease in internal energy makes air cool.

Henery Mosely could not receive a noble prize.
Yes, he discovered Atomic Number and opened doors for the sub-atomic world in1913. When WWI broke out, he joined British Army and was killed on the battleground(1915). And of course, the Noble prize is never awarded to a dead one.

diamonds are forever!! Not really. Chemically, diamond is an unstable allotropic form of carbon and converts to stable form, graphite. VERRY SLOWLY….

According to zeroth law of thermodynamics, heat flows from high temperature to low until an equilibrium is reached. Icecream (>0o C) when placed in mouth (37o C), heat flows from mouth to icecream making us feel cold.

You must have admired the spotloght in foggy stage. But do you know how first spotlight was created?
First time, spotlight was used by Thomas Drummond. He called it limelight because it consisted of narrow rods of calcium oxide (lime) housed within small burners along the edge of the stage. Each rod was roasted strongly in jets of burning oxygen and hydrogen.

‘Lighting’ a match means initiating a simple combustion reaction. Carbohydrates in the wood combine chemically with oxygen in the air to form water and carbon dioxide. The heat evolved because of the change in the internal energy due to the formation of new bonds in the system. The amount of heat liberated is so great that it catches fire (causing the water to form as steam rather than liquid water).

Have you observed that vegetables cook early when boiled in salty water? The CHEMISTRY behind it is easy to understand. Salt in water increases its boiling point. As a result, water absorbs more heat. thus extra heat helps vegetables to cook early.

There is an interesting CHEMISTRY behind Napolian's failure in Russia. Napoleon replaced the brass of the soldiers’ buttons with tin, to save money. Metallic tin has many allotropic forms: rhombic white tin (metallic ) is stable at temperatures above 13 ◦C, whereas the stable form at lower temperatures is cubic grey tin (powdery). The air temperature when Napoleon entered Russia was apparently as low as −35 ◦C, so the soldiers’ tin buttons converted from white to grey tin and, concurrently, disintegrated into powder. So, if this story is true, then Napoleon’s troops froze to death because they lacked effective coat fastenings.

Hey, do you know how smoke is created in horror scenes? Well, it utilizes dry ice and water. Solid CO2 is slightly denser than water, so it sinks when placed in a bucket of water. The water is likely to have a temperature of 20 ◦C or so at room temperature, while typically the dry ice has a maximum temperature of ca −78 ◦C (195 K). The stable phase at the temperature of the water is therefore gaseous CO2. Large volumes of CO2(g) entrap minute particles of water. This colloidal water is visible because it creates the same atmospheric condition known as fog, which is opaque.

Egg shells are made of calcium carbonate, CaCO3. The chicken makes
shells for its eggs by a process involving carbon dioxide dissolved in its blood, yielding carbonate ions which combine chemically with calcium ions.

Unfortunately, chickens have no sweat glands to perspire. To dissipate any excess body heat during the warm summer months, they must pant just like a dog. Panting increases the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled, itself decreasing the concentration of CO2 in a chicken’s blood. Enough CaCO3 is not priduced which makes eggshell thin.

International EARTH DAY

The original SI standard of mass was a block of platinum metal in Sevres, near Paris, which weighed exactly 1 kg.

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