The Boone Society, Inc.

Celebrate with Colonel Daniel Boone
During His Birthday Party on Zoom!


On November 12 at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, The Boone Society will host a Zoom Event with Daniel Boone to celebrate his birthday. He was born in 1734, but was it on October 22 or November 2? Hear what Boone himself says, and for 30 minutes you’ll be able to watch and listen to him summarize his long life, since he died in 1820 just before his 86th birthday.

Young Daniel Boone goes to War
An ongoing series of the life of Daniel Boone in chronological order.

In his long life, Daniel Boone participated in conflicts with Native Americans, the French and the British during the American Revolution. In the summer of 1755, aged 20, he served in the North Carolina militia under Captain Hugh Waddell, a company of approximately one hundred who would join British General Edward Braddock at Fort Cumberland, Maryland. From there Braddock would lead over 1,100 British regulars and plus colonial militias from Maryland, Pennsylvania and North Carolina. The purpose was to expel the French from Fort Duquesne, now Pittsburgh, PA. Both empires were contesting for control of western Pennsylvania and the Ohio River Valley.

Colonial officer George Washington in the blue uniform, would supervise the burial of the mortally wounded General Braddock. Note the Conestoga wagons fleeing the battlefield in disorder; one wagon would have been driven by Daniel Boone.
Although handy with a rifle, Boone served as a waggoner, a teamster, who had the fatiguing task of managing a team of horses and an unsteady vehicle. First there had to be the trek north on the Great Wagon Road from his Yadkin River home to Fort Cumberland. There he loaded a wagon with military supplies before heading northwest over rivers, creeks, rocks and untold ridges and mountains. The ‘road’ had to be ‘cleared’ by axe men hacking through brush and forests, to create a ‘tunnel’ through the wilderness. It took a week just to go the first thirty miles.
Braddock planned his supply train well, but he arrogantly disregarded advice from Benjamin Franklin and others who urged the English general to utilize friendly Indian scouts to probe left, right and ahead of his advancing regulars for the French and their numerous Native American allies. Braddock’s unfortunate statement that the Ohio Valley would belong only to Britain and would have no room for Native Americans helped solidify the aggrieved tribes to support the French.
A few miles short of Fort Duquesne the forward body was ambushed by over 200 French Canadians and six hundred members of the Shawnee, Delaware and other tribes. The British regulars dressed in highly visible red coats and trained in set piece European combat, fired wildly at the fuselage of fire coming from behind rocks and trees. They even fired on their own troops. It was a disaster, with casualties of over 65% for British soldiers and 75% of the officers. Braddock himself was killed.
One of his surviving officers, Virginia Colonel George Washington, only two years older than Boone, saw to Braddock’s quick burial and rolled wagon wheels over the grave to prevent the enemy from discovering and violating the body.
Panic ensued through the front lines enveloping Daniel and his fellow teamsters. The young North Carolinian, unhurt, quickly released his horses and fled with the rest.
The Native Americans, now unchecked, and seizing the chance to expel encroaching setters from their hunting grounds, spread fire and desolation among the Pennsylvania and Virginia frontiers. The French and Indian War, as it came to be called, would last until 1763. Daniel Boone would leave the battlefield with lessons learned on how warfare on the frontier should not be conducted. – GNH
Main sources, among others, for this article are Lyman C. Draper’s biography of Boone and William R. Polk’s ‘The Birth of America’.
For more info please visit our website https://boonesociety.org/

Daniel Boone’s Early 1750s America

An ongoing series of articles in chronolocial order of the Daniel Boone and families story

The Frontier Line
1750s map of American Colonial settlement courtesy The Clever Teacher

By the early 1750s the Squire Boone (1696-1765) family had settled along the British Colonial American frontier line in northwest North Carolina. This map with orange and deep brown colors demonstrates that settlements at that time had crested against the physical barrier of the Appalachian Mountains, ridges and plateaus.

In the lighter brown western side of Appalachian chain were additional impediments to British Colonial America expansion. These barriers were numerous Native American tribes of whom many were entities pushed west by colonial acquisition of their eastern lands. Several tribes, especially in the north, were allied with the less intrusive and less populated New France of North America. Note the French military forts, especially Ft. Duquesne in what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

This mountain chain was anchored in western New York by the strong Iroquois Confederation and in the Carolinas and Georgia largely by the Cherokee and Creek nations.
Population Disparities

Historians differ but several have estimated that by 1750 the British Colonies had a European population of 1.1 million plus 250,000 largely enslaved persons of African descent. This population would double in just a generation due to high birth rates and continued immigration. The population of the French settlements, largely in Canada, was very much less, approximately 50,000.

Native American population east of the Mississippi may have been as much as two million in 1500 although some scholars argue closer to 1 million. However, due to European diseases, loss of territory, and conflicts with Europeans and among themselves, all agree the numbers had dramatically decreased to approximately 250,000 or even fewer by the middle 18th century.

Destruction of Native American Societies

This was a devastating, catastrophic destruction of First Peoples societies and collapse of their cultures, whose ancestors had occupied eastern North America for over one hundred centuries. These eastern Native Americans were not nomads such as the Great Plains Indians of Hollywood depictions, but rather were largely nestled in villages where crops were grown, rivers fished and surrounded by forests that furnished protein from wild game.

Piercing the Appalachian Barrier

British Colonial America lasted from the 1607 settlement in Jamestown, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1776. In the generation prior to American independence from the British Empire, ambitious land acquisition companies in Pennsylvania, Virginia and later North Carolina sought to acquire ownership of territory west of the Appalachians.

There were two significant entrances through the mountains. One would be blazed by Daniel Boone through the Cumberland Gap in southwest Virginia. The other was at the formation of the Ohio River in what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Ironically, Boone’s first effort to pierce the Appalachian barrier occurred in Pennsylvania and not through the Cumberland Gap. In 1755, he would be part of a failed military effort to drive the French and their allied Native Americans from Ft. Duquesne and western Pennsylvania. That conflict is known as the French and Indian War.

To be continued….Glenn N. Holliman, B.S. and M.A. in American history, M. Ed. and past president Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation. Sources which were utilized for this article and others in this series are Fred Anderson’s “The War that Made America”, Robert Morgan’s “Boone”, Lyman C. Draper’s “The Life of Daniel Boone”, William R. Polk’s “The Birth of America” and Jack M. Sosin “The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763-1783”.

The Boone Society
Readers are invited to join The Boone Society, Inc. established in 1996 to perpetuate the life and adventures of Daniel Boone, his families and their role in the establishment of the United States. The website is very informative and has a membership button. Please consider joining our heritage preservation organization.

Daniel Boone’s Early 1750s America

An ongoing series of articles in chronolocial order of the Daniel Boone and families story



The Frontier Line

By the early 1750s the Squire Boone (1696-1765) family had settled along the British Colonial American frontier line in northwest North Carolina. This map with orange and deep brown colors demonstrates that settlements at that time had crested against the physical barrier of the Appalachian Mountains, ridges and plateaus.

In the lighter brown western side of Appalachian chain were additional impediments to British Colonial America expansion. These barriers were numerous Native American tribes of whom many were entities pushed west by colonial acquisition of their eastern lands. Several tribes, especially in the north, were allied with the less intrusive and less populated New France of North America. Note the French military forts, especially Ft. Duquesne in what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

This mountain chain was anchored in western New York by the strong Iroquois Confederation and in the Carolinas and Georgia largely by the Cherokee and Creek nations.
Population Disparities

Historians differ but several have estimated that by 1750 the British Colonies had a European population of 1.1 million plus 250,000 largely enslaved persons of African descent. This population would double in just a generation due to high birth rates and continued immigration. The population of the French settlements, largely in Canada, was very much less, approximately 50,000.

Native American population east of the Mississippi may have been as much as two million in 1500 although some scholars argue closer to 1 million. However, due to European diseases, loss of territory, and conflicts with Europeans and among themselves, all agree the numbers had dramatically decreased to approximately 250,000 or even fewer by the middle 18th century.

Destruction of Native American Societies

This was a devastating, catastrophic destruction of First Peoples societies and collapse of their cultures, whose ancestors had occupied eastern North America for over one hundred centuries. These eastern Native Americans were not nomads such as the Great Plains Indians of Hollywood depictions, but rather were largely nestled in villages where crops were grown, rivers fished and surrounded by forests that furnished protein from wild game.

Piercing the Appalachian Barrier

British Colonial America lasted from the 1607 settlement in Jamestown, Virginia to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1776. In the generation prior to American independence from the British Empire, ambitious land acquisition companies in Pennsylvania, Virginia and later North Carolina sought to acquire ownership of territory west of the Appalachians.

There were two significant entrances through the mountains. One would be blazed by Daniel Boone through the Cumberland Gap in southwest Virginia. The other was at the formation of the Ohio River in what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Ironically, Boone’s first effort to pierce the Appalachian barrier occurred in Pennsylvania and not through the Cumberland Gap. In 1755, he would be part of a failed military effort to drive the French and their allied Native Americans from Ft. Duquesne and western Pennsylvania. That conflict is known as the French and Indian War.

To be continued….Glenn N. Holliman, B.S. and M.A. in American history, M. Ed. and past president Pennsylvania Heritage Foundation. Sources which were utilized for this article and others in this series are Fred Anderson’s “The War that Made America”, Robert Morgan’s “Boone”, Lyman C. Draper’s “The Life of Daniel Boone”, William R. Polk’s “The Birth of America” and Jack M. Sosin “The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763-1783”.

The Boone Society
Readers are invited to join The Boone Society, Inc. established in 1996 to perpetuate the life and adventures of Daniel Boone, his families and their role in the establishment of the United States. The website is very informative and has a membership button. Please consider joining our heritage preservation organization.

Bob Adema and his daughter, Vicki visited the Boone, NC area yesterday, June 12th. Here they stand at Jesse Greer Jr’s grave in Banner Elk.

Young Daniel Boone Hones His Skills, 1752-1755
A continuing chronological history of Daniel Boone and family
By 1752, the three generation, extended family of Squire and Sarah Morgan Boone had settled in Rowan County, the western edge then of the North Carolina frontier. The land bounding the cane breaks was rich in nutrients and with little work, corn sprained from the soil. Daniel had little interest in farming, although he assisted during the harvest. His heart, his talents lay in the forests where the excitement of the chase beguiled him.
The frontier of that decade in the foothills just east of the Appalachian Mountains teemed with beaver, otter, dear, bear, turkeys, wild cats and wolves. One could harvest four to five deer a day and sell the skins. Bear meat or ‘bacon’ provided protein for the table.
Daniel would travel with his father to Salisbury twenty or so miles south of the family settlements. There, Daniel, now approaching the age of twenty, would sell fur and skins, enough to make a living. After a decade or so of over harvesting which led to the demise of available game, Daniel would look westward, wondering what lay beyond the horizontal barrier of the mountain chain that isolated the eastern colonies from the interior of the great continent.
During the early 1750s, Daniel gained a reputation as a superior marksman with the long rifle and a woodsman. In the hands of a skilled shooter, the lead slug would leave the extended barrel and with enhanced accuracy take down many a wild animal, and in a frontier conflict a warrior armed only with a hatchet or inferior musket.
During these final years before manhood for Daniel, there was a war brewing on the North American continent for dominance, not only between Native Americans and the steady encroachment of pioneer settlements, but the great power game of the French and British empires.
The nation that controlled the Ohio River, which began at what is now Pittsburgh, would control the northwest heartland of America all the way to the Mississippi River. Assuming, of course, if the Shawnee and other militant tribes would permit such encroachment. In the 1750s, to the distress of land speculators, that was an ambiguous assumption.
As we know, Daniel Boone would be a major player as to which nation or tribe would control the Trans-Appalachian heartland. For this, Daniel had honed his skills. He needed them for he would soon be going to war.
To be continued….- GNH with sources Robert Morgan’s ‘Boone’, Lyman C. Draper’s ‘The life of Daniel Boone’ and ‘The Revolutionary Frontier, 1763-1783’ by Jack M. Sosin.
If interested in preserving and sharing the stories of Daniel Boone and his families, please join The Boone Society, Inc., founded 1996. Visit the Boone Society website for information on membership and benefits.

Let’s not overlook Daniel’s father – Squire Boone (1696-1765)
A continuing series on a chronological history of Daniel Boone and his family
It is said that the acorn does not fall far from the tree. In this space I have remarked that the Boone family for generations were wanderers. Family members, even in their older years, forsook long held domiciles and relocated to supposed greener pastures.
Squire Boone, a Wanderer
Daniel Boone’s father was one of those wanderers. At age 17, Squire left England with siblings and migrated to Pennsylvania. At age 54, he left Pennsylvania with his large family for North Carolina. While young Daniel with his pal Henry Miller took off on a ‘long hunt’ in 1750 ca, his father Squire left the remainder of the family at Linnville in northern Virginia (a stop for at least a growing season) and journeyed south to the forks of the Yadkin River in the northern North Carolina foothills.
There along Grants Creek, he purchased 640 acres from the proprietor, the Earl of Granville, turned around, traveled back to Linnville, gathered his family, and led them down south on the Great Wagon Road to clear land and build a new house and farm. That was a lot of horse riding for a man his age.
The Squire Boone family crosses the Yadkin in this watercolor print created by Patricia Hobson and property of this writer. Daniel is pictured in the center front with the long rifle. Squire and Sarah Boone are right front with their backs to the viewer.
Starting from Scratch
No, there was no friendly realtor there to offer the Boones and the John Wilcoxsons the sale of a split-level ranch style house. Historian Robert Morgan tells it well:
“It is hard for modern readers to visualize the amount of labor necessary to settle a farm on the frontier in the 18th century.” Morgan notes one had to build a rough shelter, construct pens and huts for livestock from rails you split yourself from trees you have chopped down and then clear roots and brush from a space for a kitchen garden. Also, there must be fencing to keep out livestock, rooting hogs and wild game.
Trees had to be ‘girdled’ to make room for the planting of that staple borrowed from the First Peoples, that is corn. Again, roots were grubbed, dead limbs and stumps removed, soil turned and seed planted. Corn grows faster than most weeds, reaching the sun’s rays first.
Only when it rained was young Daniel able to step away from the primitive farm to do what he loved best, that is hunting game in a new frontier brimming with deer, fox, and bear. Farming was not in Daniel’s blood; never would be. – GNH sources from Robert Morgan’s ‘Boone, a Biography’, and Lyman C. Draper’s biography and notes on the Boone family.
Interested in supporting the study of Boone family history? Just google The Boone Society, Inc.org, founded in 1996 and learn more. We would be pleased to welcome you as a member.

Daniel Boone’s Time in Linnville, Virginia
A continuing series in chronological order on the Boone family
Tradition is that the Squire Boone family lingered beginning in 1750 for two years or less in Linnville, a hamlet north of Harrisonburg. We know that in Fall 1752, Squire and Sarah Morgan Boone’s daughter Elizabeth married in the Yadkin Valley, North Carolina one William Grant who for some years had been living in that area.
However, Daniel Boone was not a resident of Linnville during a portion of that sojourn. He and his boyhood mate, Henry Miller went on a ‘long hunt’ that took them hundreds of miles into the wilderness. They explored the Shenandoah all the way to what is now Roanoke, then Great Lick, and then journeyed south into North Carolina. From the still American wilderness, hey shot game and collected hides and furs.
After this long hunt, they returned briefly to Linnville, and then on to Philadelphia to sell their wares. They made an astounding $1,300 dollars for their wares, and then promptly spent it all on a ‘frolic’. Henry learned his lesson, would settle down in Linnville and through astute farming and constructing mills grew wealthy. The two young men would stay in touch the rest of their lives.
We have two takeaways from this experience. Daniel at age 17 found his passion – hunting and exploring in America’s frontier wilderness, the quintessential ‘Long Hunter’. (One wonders if his parents knew he would be gone for months?) Two, the Philadelphia episode demonstrated for the first time Daniel’s life-long difficulty in managing money. The story continues. – GNH’s Sources: Robert Morgan’s Boone, Lyman C. Draper’s Life of Daniel Boone and Dale Van Every’s Forth to the Wilderness.
Please consider becoming a member of The Boone Society, Inc which is dedicated to preserving Boone family history and knowledge of 18th Century frontier America. Founded in 1996, information can be found at https://boonesociety.org/join.

Join – Boone Society Please complete this online Member Application and it will automatically be sent directly to our Membership Committee Chairman. You can also use this form for any future changes you may have. Or, if you wish, you can print this form at the bottom of this page and mail it to the Membership Chairman a...

Squire Boone Family Treks South
A continuing series in chronological order on the Boone family
As noted earlier in this series, Squire and Sarah Morgan Boone, along with many of their family, pulled up ‘stakes’ in 1750, left eastern Pennsylvania, and began a 425 or so mile journey to the fertile Yadkin Valley in northwestern North Carolina. One of the first barriers to overcome was the wide Susquehanna River. The sojourners crossed at the Harris Ferry, which in 1812 became the state capitol Harrisburg.
On the western side of the Susquehanna rose Pennsylvania’s ‘Ridge and Valley’ geographical area, the Appalachian Mountains that stretch from Maine to North Alabama. In the middle 1700s, wagon roads had not yet been established to what is now Pittsburgh. Beyond the Appalachians, the French and Native American tribes controlled western Pennsylvania and the Ohio Valley.
During this period, thousands of pioneers elected to avoid the mountains and tacked to the south on the eastern slope of the Appalachians. The ‘Great Wagon Road’ led settlers through the ‘Great Valley’, known today as the Shenandoah. It was important to travel with others because in 1750 the Valley was still the frontier where law and order was weak and Native American confrontations more than possible.
It may have taken a year or so to arrive in North Carolina (historians differ) as the family et al stopped in Linville, Virginia to put in a corn crop on land near where Squire’s sister, Sarah Stover, lived. Linville is a few miles north of present-day Harrisonburg, just off I-81. More in on this in the next article. – GNH Sources: Rober Morgan’s Boone, Lyman C. Draper’s Life of Daniel Boone and Dale Van Every’s Forth to the Wilderness.

Quaker Leader, age 54, Sells Out. Moving South with Family
Family issues, church conflict and new opportunities cited as reasons.

If newspapers existed in Oley, Pennsylvania in 1750, this might have been the headline to describe the departure of long-time Pennsylvania resident Squire Boone (1696-1765). Squire arrived from Devonshire, England in 1713, married in 1720 and sired with Sarah Morgan, eleven children.
A weaver, blacksmith and farmer, Squire had served as trustee of the Oley Quaker Monthly Meeting. His brother, George IV had donated the land for the Meeting House cemetery, which held the remains of their father and mother and later Lincoln relatives.
The Quakers at that time did not scantion marriage outside of the church. In 1742, Squire’s oldest child, Sarah, married her father’s apprentice, John Wilcoxson (this writer’s lineage). Squire had to apologize to the congregation for the situation to remain in good stead with the members. The same issue arose in 1747 when son Israel married a non-Quaker. This time Squire did not apologize to the Meeting House and subsequently was expelled from the Oley Meeting in March 1748.
With eleven children, he also may have fretted about his children finding fertile farmland in the Oley area as the local population increased. Some years before, Squire’s sister, Sarah Boone Stover, had moved with her husband to the Shenandoa Valley of northern Virginia. She wrote letters exclaiming of the abundance of fertile farmland and a milder winter climate. Other families had left the Oley area, traveled as far south as western North Carolina, and sent word touting the attractiveness of the Yadkin Valley with rich soil and inexpensive land in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains.
Perhaps also there was something in Boone DNA. His father in his 50s had crossed the North Atlantic to Pennsylvania. Squire’s son, Daniel, as we know inherited the same restless spirit.
In April 1750, Squire, his wife Sarah, six of their children some with spouses and other families, packed up their covered wagons, and began traveling west by southwest. This move would alter the history of America. – GNH, sources Robert Morgan’s “Boone” and Lyman C. Draper’s “The Life of Daniel Boone”.
Readers are invited to join the Boone Society, Inc. at the website https://boonesociety.org/join. Founded 1996, the Society is dedicated to preserving Boone family history and knowledge of 18th Century frontier America.

Join – Boone Society Please complete this online Member Application and it will automatically be sent directly to our Membership Committee Chairman. You can also use this form for any future changes you may have. Or, if you wish, you can print this form at the bottom of this page and mail it to the Membership Chairman a...

Learning from Native Americans
Several generations ago, sad to say, it was not uncommon for Native Americans to be referred to in the very derogatory tone as ‘savages. Today historians better understand the exchange of cultures during the immediate and extended ‘contact’ periods on the American Frontier. As the Pilgrims in the 1620s quickly discovered, they had much to learn about survival from the First Peoples who had spent thousands of years on the North American continent.
Daniel Boone was a pathfinder, woodsman, long hunter and rifleman. Farming was not his foretake; spending time alone in a deep forest tracking wild game was. Yes, his father taught him some mechanical skills such as fashioning or repairing a hunting weapon. However, Daniel had little formal education, but did learn to read, write a little and master basic arithmetic, taught largely by his sister-in-law Sarah Day Boone, Samuel’s wife.
In his middle years, Daniel made a living as a storekeeper and surveyor. Historians are not complimentary of the limited successes he had in these occupations.
Daniel did absorb much from the culture of Native Americans during his teen years in Pennsylvania. He learned to track, hunt, trap, skin and make a meal of bear, deer and turkey. Furs from beaver, mink, otter, fox and raccoon. and bear, he later sold for a living. From Indians he learned to cure deerskins which served as clothing. Herbs, roots and berries proved valuable for medicinal purposes.
And he learned to ‘read’ the land, how it lay and the courses of rivers to the ever receding west. For this skill, he became famous.
By his adult years he had mastered and understood the culture and ‘world view’ of the First Peoples in North America. Some argue that Daniel occupied a ‘middle ground’ between white and Indian cultures; that there were two sides to his character divided between several worlds. Perhaps this explains his success as a pathfinder and woodsman, and his several failures in the more complex world of surveying property and running a general store. – GNH, reference Robert Morgan’s Boone.

The Complicated Story of Daniel Boone and Native Americans
This series of pages has focused on Daniel Boone’s lineage and his years growing up in Oley, Pennsylvania from 1734 to 1750. Revolutionary War history and the entertainment industry have focused generally on his violent encounters with Indigenous Peoples. The story is more complicated.
Historian Kurt Carr, now retired chief archeologists of the Pennsylvania State Museum, told me several years ago that by 1682 when Pennsylvania was formally established, only 15,000 or so persons whom he called “Siberian Americans”, lived in what is now the State. Smallpox and other deceases including alcoholism acquired from European Americans in other colonies had decimated the Native population. He used the phrase “Siberian Americans” as it is established that peoples from Siberia, the far eastern part of Russia, immigrated to what is now Alaska. When that migration occurred there is in dispute, but Curt believes it was 16,000 to 18,000 or so years ago.
By the time the Boone families settled in or near Oley in eastern Pennsylvania, decades had passed since William Penn established his colony in Philadelphia. Being a Quaker, Penn to his everlasting credit treated the American Indians with dignity and benevolence, paying for the land which the King of England had claimed for his own. On occasion George Boone III himself had welcomed large numbers of Native Americans into his home at Oley.
Growing up Daniel Boone loved to roam in the forests and ridges near the Boone homestead. Isolated peaceful First Americans still lived in the area and from these contacts he learned much that later allowed him to skillfully live and navigate in the virgin forests of the Appalachian frontier.
Pennsylvania, the ‘Peaceful Kingdom’ of the early decades gave way to violence as by 1750 the frontier advanced to Central Pennsylvania and the Susquehanna River. Intermittent warfare between largely European and Native American peoples would continue into and through the Revolutionary War years. These wars, not always contiguous, flared north and south the Appalachian chain and in central and western Pennsylvania. Whether engaging the French, the British, the Cherokee or the Shawnee, members of the Boone family would be involved. – Glenn N. Holliman, M.A, M.Ed.
Sources for this and other articles are from Robert Morgan’s Boone, Lyman C. Draper’s The Life of Daniel Boone and Dale Van Every’s Forth to the Wilderness.

What did Sarah Morgan Boone serve for Meals?
As we have noted, Squire and Sarah Morgan Boone raised eleven children to maturity. With Squire earning a living from weaving and blacksmithing plus some farming, corn and wheat undoubtedly to go with pasturing animals. Sarah was responsible for meals, babies and a kitchen garden for vegetables.
Boone researcher Lyman C. Draper, a 19th century expert on the 18th century American frontier has left us with a menu of daily meals reflecting the “unaffected simplicity” of the era. No running to the corner grocery store for early America.
Breakfast – bread, milk and pie (not a dessert but perhaps some bits of pork and a root vegetable in a wheat pastry).
Dinner (now commonly referred to as lunch) – the main meal of the day with “good pork or bacon and a wheat flour pudding or dumplings with butter and molasses.”
Evening Meal – corn mush or hominy with milk, butter and honey. On occasion chocolate, imported to Philadelphia, was a treat sweetened with maple sugar.
Venison and wild turkey on occasion supplemented these meals, adding valuable protein to the diet. – GNH