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I AM PROUD TO BE A NATIVE AMERICAN
Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and a National Board of Review Award.
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He has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Elliott was cast in the musical drama A Star Is Born (2018), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding prizes at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also won a National Board of Review Award. Elliott starred as Shea Brennan in the American drama miniseries 1883 (2021–2022), for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.
Elliott is known for his distinctive lanky physique, full mustache, and deep, sonorous voice. He began his acting career with minor appearances in The Way West (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), season five of Mission: Impossible, and guest-starred on television in the Western Gunsmoke (1972) before landing his first lead film role in Frogs (1972). His film breakthrough was in the drama Lifeguard (1976). Elliott co-starred in the box office hit Mask (1985) and went on to star in several Louis L'Amour adaptations such as The Quick and the Dead (1987) and Conagher (1991), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He received his second Golden Globe and first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Buffalo Girls (1995). His other film credits from the early 1990s include as John Buford in the historical drama Gettysburg (1993) and as Virgil Earp in the Western Tombstone (also 1993). In 1998, he played the Stranger in The Big Lebowski.
In the 2000s, Elliott appeared in supporting roles in the drama We Were Soldiers (2002) and the superhero films Hulk (2003) and Ghost Rider (2007). In 2015, he guest-starred on the series Justified, which earned him a Critics' Choice Television Award, and in 2016 began starring in the Netflix series The Ranch. Elliott subsequently had a lead role in the comedy-drama The Hero.
Southern Cheyenne Chief Red Moon... the peace chief who would become a warrior.
Red Moon was the son of Yellow Wolf, a chief who was killed in the massacre at Sand Creek in 1864. In spite of this, Red Moon chose to ally with peace chief Black Kettle. In January 1865 the peace chiefs of the Cheyennes, among them Black Kettle and Red Moon, separated themselves from the warring clans and headed south from the Northern Cheyennes.
Red Moon and his people were camped near Black Kettle's band when Custer attacked Black Kettle's people on the Wash*ta River in 1868. Chief Black Kettle was killed in this attack.
By November 1870 Red Moon, and other peace chiefs, had moved their people to the Darlington Indian Agency. This indicates that Red Moon and the other chiefs at that time were peaceable and willing to work with the whites.
By 1874 Red Moon, Gray Beard and other chiefs became unsatisfied with the lack of promised provisions and the treatment they were receiving by the whites. Many left the reservation and returned to their old ways of following the buffalo. This uprising became known as the Red River War and Red Moon became known as a prominent Cheyenne warrior. Red Moon was involved in the Battle of the Adobe Walls, and it is also a possibility that he was involved in the Battle of Lyman’s Wagon Train and also the Buffalo Wallow Fight. Following the hard winter, Red Moon, Stone Calf, Gray Beard, and several other chiefs came into the Darlington Agency and gave themselves up on February 24, 1875. This was the end of the Red River War, and ended the occupation of the southern plains by the Indians. Chief Red Moon had held out until the last.
In 1892 the Indians were supposedly given their choice of 160 acres of land as their own along with $75.00. Chief Red Moon chose one of his favorite hunting grounds, a quarter section about ten miles up the Wash*ta River from Cheyenne. However, the government would not allow him to choose land there and forced him to choose land closer to Hammon. Following the Land Run of 1892, the community which sprang up in the vicinity of Red Moon’s favorite hunting spot became known as Red Moon. A fitting tribute to the man who fought for his rights to be free and provide for himself.
Blackfeet
Photo by Roland W. Reed, 1912
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CLINT EASTWOOD
Clint Eastwood is a famous American actor, film director, producer and composer, famous for his flourishing career in the entertainment industry. Born on May 31, 1930, in San Francisco, California, Eastwood rose to fame in the 1960s for his role as "The Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's "The Dollar Trilogy" of spaghetti Westerns. He further solidified his status as a cultural icon with his role as Harry Callahan in the "Dirty Harry" film series, which began in 1971. Eastwood's career spanned more than six decades, during which he received won many awards, including multiple Oscars for best film. Director and Best Picture for "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004). Known for his stoic screen presence and tough personality, Eastwood has also directed and produced such critically acclaimed films as Mystic River (2003), Gran Torino (2008) and American Sniper (2014). In addition to his film work, Eastwood also dabbled in politics, serving as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, from 1986 to 1988. His contributions to cinema and his influence on Popular culture has made him one of its most respected people. and long-standing figures in Hollywood history.
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Loolowkin (aka Head Band, aka Kwiltalahun, aka Blue Head Horn, aka Chief Moses), on the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation in north-central Washington - Sinkiuse/Spokane - 1898
{Note: Blue Head Horn was the son of the Sinkiuse man known as Sulktalthscosum (aka Half Sun) & the Sinkiuse/Spokane woman known as Sulktalthscosum (aka Between The Robes). Later, Chief Moses married the Yakama woman known as Mary Owhi.
Apache Tribe Custom. Marriage.
When an Apache man marries he goes and lives with his wife’s younger sister and/or brother.
He is then charged with providing for his wife and her parents. The main idea is the provision aspect. An Apache man must be able to provide for his wife and her family.
While they did allow polygamy the same principle applied. Any wife that a man took he must be able to provide for his wife and her family. If he was not able to do so, then he could not take another wife.
Apache Tribe Customs. Babies.
The Cradleboard Ceremony consisted of a medicine man or woman blessing the child with cattail pollen.
If the baby was male he was placed in the cradleboard, then he/she were lifted by the medicine person in four directions the first always being east.
If the baby was female the custom was similar except that she was lifted up facing east prior to being placed in the cradleboard.
As the babies grew and began to walk there was another custom which was called the Moccasin Ceremony. This took place after the baby took its first steps and was done to bless the child to walk a strong, straight path in life.
The baby was given new moccasins and walked a path of pollen that led east.
Apache Tribe Custom. Manhood.
The Apache tribe prepared boys for manhood through physical tests when they were very young. One example was to help build strength and endurance as they grew older.
When the boys became a nuisance to an elder the elder would tell the boys to run to the top of the mountain and come back again. The distance would vary depending on their age. As they got older the targeted mountain would be taller resulting in more endurance.
Fathers would also have their sons hold water in their mouths to practice breathing through their noses. This was extremely important living in a desert climate because breathing through one’s mouth could result in dehydration which could then lead to death.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY CLINT EASTWOOD
Clint Eastwood is a famous American actor, film director, producer and composer, famous for his flourishing career in the entertainment industry. Born on May 31, 1930, in San Francisco, California, Eastwood rose to fame in the 1960s for his role as "The Man with No Name" in Sergio Leone's "The Dollar Trilogy" of spaghetti Westerns. He further solidified his status as a cultural icon with his role as Harry Callahan in the "Dirty Harry" film series, which began in 1971. Eastwood's career spanned more than six decades, during which he received won many awards, including multiple Oscars for best film. Director and Best Picture for "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004). Known for his stoic screen presence and tough personality, Eastwood has also directed and produced such critically acclaimed films as Mystic River (2003), Gran Torino (2008) and American Sniper (2014). In addition to his film work, Eastwood also dabbled in politics, serving as mayor of Carmel-by-the-Sea, California, from 1986 to 1988. His contributions to cinema and his influence on Popular culture has made him one of its most respected people. and long-standing figures in Hollywood history.
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"Crowfoot stood and watched as the white man spread many one dollar bills on the ground.
“This is what the white man trades with; this is his buffalo robe. Just as you trade skins, we trade with these pieces of paper.”
When the white chief had laid all his money on the ground and shown how much he would give if the Indians would sign a treaty, Crowfoot took a handful of clay, made a ball out of it and put it on the fire.
It did not crack.
Then he said to the white man, Now put your money on the fire and see if it will last as long as the clay.
The white man said, No….my money will burn because it is made of paper.
With an amused gleam in his eyes the old chief said, Oh, your money is not as good as our land, is it?
The wind will blow it away; the fire will burn it; water will rot it. But nothing will destroy our land.
You don’t make a very good trade.
Then with a smile, Crowfoot picked up a handful of sand from the river bank, handed it to the white man and said, You count the grains of sand in that while I count the money you give for the land.
The white man said, I would not live long enough to count this, but you can count the money in a few minutes.
Very well, said the wise Crowfoot, our land is more valuable than your money. It will last forever.
It will not perish as long as the sun shines and the water flows, and through all the years it will give life to men and animals, and therefore we cannot sell the land.
It was put there by the Great Spirit and we cannot sell it because it does not really belong to us.
You can count your money and burn it with a nod of a buffalo’s head, but only the Great Spirit can count the grains of sand and the blades of grass on these plains.
As a present we will give you anything you can take with you, but we cannot give you the land.”
Chief Crowfoot : Blackfoot Confederacy
My work, made of news papers. Hope you like it. ♥️
𝐂𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐚𝐬𝐭𝐰𝐨𝐨𝐝: Celebrating His Birthday and His Contributions to Indigenous Culture
Clint Eastwood, born on May 31st, 1930, in San Francisco, California, recently celebrated his 94th birthday. With over half a century dedicated to the film industry, he has become one of Hollywood's greatest icons. His career is not only distinguished by iconic roles but also by significant contributions as a director and producer, as well as efforts to preserve and honor Indigenous culture.
Clint Eastwood first gained fame with roles in spaghetti Western films like "A Fistful of Dollars" (1964), "For a Few Dollars More" (1965), and "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly" (1966). These roles established him as the silent, decisive hero he is renowned for.
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He further cemented his status with the "Dirty Harry" film series, portraying Harry Callahan, a tough and uncompromising police inspector. This series includes "Dirty Harry" (1971), "Magnum Force" (1973), "The Enforcer" (1976), "Sudden Impact" (1983), and "The Dead Pool" (1988).
In addition to acting, Clint Eastwood is recognized as an excellent director. He has helmed many acclaimed films, including "Unforgiven" (1992) and "Million Dollar Baby" (2004), both of which won Oscars for Best Picture. His works often delve into human complexities and societal issues.
Clint Eastwood's contributions extend beyond film to honoring and preserving Indigenous culture. In the film "The Outlaw Josey Wales" (1976), Eastwood depicted the relationship between the protagonist and an Indigenous community with respect and sensitivity, earning praise for its portrayal of Indigenous people.
Eastwood has also supported various projects related to Indigenous peoples, from sponsoring non-profit organizations to participating in campaigns to protect their rights and lands. He emphasizes the importance of preserving and developing Indigenous culture as a vital part of global cultural heritage.
Clint Eastwood is not only an icon of Hollywood but also a symbol of perseverance and dedication. He has left an indelible mark on the film industry with iconic roles and films while also contributing to the preservation and celebration of Indigenous culture. Happy 94th birthday to him, a living legend of cinema and a tireless advocate for the rights and culture of Indigenous peoples.
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This is written by Chief Dan George,
In the course of my lifetime I have lived in two distinct cultures. I was born into a culture that lived in communal houses. My grandfather’s house was eighty feet long. It was called a smoke house, and it stood down by the beach along the inlet. All my grandfather’s sons and their families lived in this dwelling. Their sleeping apartments were separated by blankets made of bull rush weeds, but one open fire in the middle served the cooking needs of all. In houses like these, throughout the tribe, people learned to live with one another; learned to respect the rights of one another. And children shared the thoughts of the adult world and found themselves surrounded by aunts and uncles and cousins who loved them and did not threaten them. My father was born in such a house and learned from infancy how to love people and be at home with them.
And beyond this acceptance of one another there was a deep respect for everything in nature that surrounded them. My father loved the earth and all its creatures. The earth was his second mother. The earth and everything it contained was a gift from See-see-am…and the way to thank this great spirit was to use his gifts with respect.
I remember, as a little boy, fishing with him up Indian River and I can still see him as the sun rose above the mountain top in the early morning…I can see him standing by the water’s edge with his arms raised above his head while he softly moaned…”Thank you, thank you.” It left a deep impression on my young mind.
And I shall never forget his disappointment when once he caught me gaffing for fish “just for the fun of it.” “My son” he said, “The Great Spirit gave you those fish to be your brothers, to feed you when you are hungry. You must respect them. You must not kill them just for the fun of it.”
This then was the culture I was born into and for some years the only one I really knew or tasted. This is why I find it hard to accept many of the things I see around me.
I see people living in smoke houses hundreds of times bigger than the one I knew. But the people in one apartment do not even know the people in the next and care less about them.
It is also difficult for me to understand the deep hate that exists among people. It is hard to understand a culture that justifies the killing of millions in past wars, and it at this very moment preparing bombs to kill even greater numbers. It is hard for me to understand a culture that spends more on wars and weapons to kill, than it does on education and welfare to help and develop.
It is hard for me to understand a culture that not only hates and fights his brothers but even attacks nature and abuses her.
I see my white brothers going about blotting out nature from his cities. I see him strip the hills bare, leaving ugly wounds on the face of mountains. I see him tearing things from the bosom of mother earth as though she were a monster, who refused to share her treasures with him. I see him throw poison in the waters, indifferent to the life he kills there; and he chokes the air with deadly fumes.
My white brother does many things well for he is more clever than my people but I wonder if he has ever really learned to love at all. Perhaps he only loves the things that are outside and beyond him. And this is, of course, not love at all, for man must love all creation or he will love none of it. Man must love fully or he will become the lowest of the animals. It is the power to love that makes him the greatest of them all…for he alone of all animals is capable of love.
Love is something you and I must have. We must have it because our spirit feeds upon it. We must have it because without it we become weak and faint. Without love our self esteem weakens. Without it our courage fails. Without love we can no longer look out confidently at the world. Instead we turn inwardly and begin to feed upon our own personalities and little by little we destroy ourselves.
You and I need the strength and joy that comes from knowing that we are loved. With it we are creative. With it we march tirelessly. With it, and with it alone, we are able to sacrifice for others.
There have been times when we all wanted so desperately to feel a reassuring hand upon us…there have been lonely times when we so wanted a strong arm around us…I cannot tell you how deeply I miss my wife’s presence when I return from a trip. Her love was my greatest joy, my strength, my greatest blessing.
I am afraid my culture has little to offer yours. But my culture did prize friendship and companionship. It did not look on privacy as a thing to be clung to, for privacy builds walls and walls promote distrust. My culture lived in a big family community, and from infancy people learned to live with others.
My culture did not prize the hoarding of private possessions, in fact, to hoard was a shameful thing to do among my people. The Indian looked on all things in nature as belonging to him and he expected to share them with others and to take only what he needed.
Everyone likes to give as well as receive. No one wishes only to receive all the time. We have taken something from your culture…I wish you had taken something from our culture…for there were some beautiful and good things in it.
Soon it will be too late to know my culture, for integration is upon us and soon we will have no values but yours. Already many of our young people have forgotten the old ways. And many have been shamed of their Indian ways by scorn and ridicule. My culture is like a wounded deer that has crawled away into the forest to bleed and die alone.
The only thing that can truly help us is genuine love. You must truly love, be patient with us and share with us. And we must love you—with a genuine love that forgives and forgets…a love that gives the terrible sufferings your culture brought ours when it swept over us like a wave crashing along a beach…with a love that forgets and lifts up its head and sees in your eyes an answering love of trust and acceptance.
This is brotherhood…anything less is not worthy of the name.
I have spoken.
Happy birthday my grandma!❤️🎉🎉 Need a blessing from you guys
Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and a National Board of Review Award.
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He has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Elliott was cast in the musical drama A Star Is Born (2018), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding prizes at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also won a National Board of Review Award. Elliott starred as Shea Brennan in the American drama miniseries 1883 (2021–2022), for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.
Elliott is known for his distinctive lanky physique, full mustache, and deep, sonorous voice. He began his acting career with minor appearances in The Way West (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), season five of Mission: Impossible, and guest-starred on television in the Western Gunsmoke (1972) before landing his first lead film role in Frogs (1972). His film breakthrough was in the drama Lifeguard (1976). Elliott co-starred in the box office hit Mask (1985) and went on to star in several Louis L'Amour adaptations such as The Quick and the Dead (1987) and Conagher (1991), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He received his second Golden Globe and first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Buffalo Girls (1995). His other film credits from the early 1990s include as John Buford in the historical drama Gettysburg (1993) and as Virgil Earp in the Western Tombstone (also 1993). In 1998, he played the Stranger in The Big Lebowski.
In the 2000s, Elliott appeared in supporting roles in the drama We Were Soldiers (2002) and the superhero films Hulk (2003) and Ghost Rider (2007). In 2015, he guest-starred on the series Justified, which earned him a Critics' Choice Television Award, and in 2016 began starring in the Netflix series The Ranch. Elliott subsequently had a lead role in the comedy-drama The Hero.
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SARAH MITCHELL & MARY NEWELL: at the Maine Centennial, Portland, c. 1920.
Passamaquoddy tribal member Sarah Mitchell, the wife of the last surviving veteran (tribal) from the American Civil War, Peter Mitchell, posed with her granddaughter Mary Newell at the Maine Centennial.
The Passamaquoddy are a Native American/First Nations people who live in northeastern North America. Their traditional homeland, Peskotomuhkatikuk, straddles the Canadian province of New Brunswick and the U.S. state of Maine in a region called Dawnland. They are one of the constituent nations of the Wabanaki Confederacy.
The Passamaquoddy Tribe in Maine is a federally-recognized tribe. The Passamaquoddy people in Canada have an organized government, but do not have official First Nations status.
The Passamaquoddy, along with the neighboring Penobscot, are given special political status in Maine. Both groups are allowed to send a nonvoting representative to the Maine House of Representatives. Although these representatives cannot vote, they may sponsor any legislation regarding American Indian affairs, and may co-sponsor any other legislation.
—MaineHistoricalSociety�Photo Courtesy ~ MaineTodayMedia/MaineHistoricalSociety
MRS. BLACKHAWK: Cayuse Tribe, c. 1901.
Mrs. Black Hawk stands in front of a tule reed mat tipi.
Photo Courtesy ~ MAJ. Moorhouse
Samuel Pack Elliott (born August 9, 1944) is an American actor. He is the recipient of several accolades, including a Screen Actors Guild Award and a National Board of Review Award.
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He has been nominated for an Academy Award, two Golden Globe Awards, and two Emmy Awards. Elliott was cast in the musical drama A Star Is Born (2018), for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding prizes at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards, Screen Actors Guild Awards. He also won a National Board of Review Award. Elliott starred as Shea Brennan in the American drama miniseries 1883 (2021–2022), for which he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie.
Elliott is known for his distinctive lanky physique, full mustache, and deep, sonorous voice. He began his acting career with minor appearances in The Way West (1967), Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969), season five of Mission: Impossible, and guest-starred on television in the Western Gunsmoke (1972) before landing his first lead film role in Frogs (1972). His film breakthrough was in the drama Lifeguard (1976). Elliott co-starred in the box office hit Mask (1985) and went on to star in several Louis L'Amour adaptations such as The Quick and the Dead (1987) and Conagher (1991), the latter of which earned him a Golden Globe nomination for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. He received his second Golden Globe and first Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Buffalo Girls (1995). His other film credits from the early 1990s include as John Buford in the historical drama Gettysburg (1993) and as Virgil Earp in the Western Tombstone (also 1993). In 1998, he played the Stranger in The Big Lebowski.
In the 2000s, Elliott appeared in supporting roles in the drama We Were Soldiers (2002) and the superhero films Hulk (2003) and Ghost Rider (2007). In 2015, he guest-starred on the series Justified, which earned him a Critics' Choice Television Award, and in 2016 began starring in the Netflix series The Ranch. Elliott subsequently had a lead role in the comedy-drama The Hero.
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"I am a red man. If the Great Spirit had desired me to be a white man he would have made me so in the first place. He put in your heart certain wishes and plans, in my heart he put other and different desires. Each man is good in his sight. It is not necessary for Eagles to be Crows."
- Sitting Bull
—
Sources: photograph taken by David F. Berry, circa 1883 / Wikimedia Commons
Kish Ka Na Cut (Stump) - Ojibwe 1869.
HAPPY BIRTHDAY KEANU REEVES
Keanu Reeves, born on September 2, 1964, is a Canadian actor, producer, and musician known for his roles in action and sci-fi films like The Matrix and John Wick.
Actor, film director, film producer and musician Keanu Charles Reeves (Keanu Charles Reeves),
Missed the first 20 minutes of the party dedicated to the end of filming of his new movie at one of the clubs in New York.
He waited patiently in the rain to be let in.
No one recognized him.
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The club owner said: “I didn't even know Keanu was standing in the rain waiting to get in - he didn't say anything to anyone.”
"He travels by public transport."
"He easily communicates with homeless people on the streets and helps them."
- He was only 60 years old (September 2, 1964)
- He can only eat hot dogs in the park, sitting among normal people.
- After filming one of the "Matrix", he gave all the stuntmen a new motorcycle - in recognition of their skills.
- He gave up most of the salaries of the costume designers and computer scientists who drew the special effects on "The Matrix" - deciding that their share of the film's budget was assessed short.
- He reduced his salary for the movie "The Devil's Advocate" to have enough money to invite Al Pacino.
- Almost at the same time his best friend passed away; His girlfriend lost a child and soon died in a car accident, and his sister suffered from leukemia.
Keanu didn't fail: he donated $5 million to the clinic that treated his sister, refused to be filmed (to be with her), and founded the Leukemia Foundation, donating significant amounts from each fee for the movie.
You may have been born a man, but stay a man..
Keanu Reeves' father is of Hawaiian descent...
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Picture of Quanah Parker and two of his wives, Topay and Chonie.
Quanah Parker was the last Chief of the Commanches and never lost a battle to the white man. His tribe roamed over the area where Pampas stands. He was never captured by the Army, but decided to surrender and lead his tribe into the white man's culture, only when he saw that there was no alternative.
His was the last tribe in the Staked Plains to come into the reservation system.
Quanah, meaning "fragrant," was born about 1850, son of Comanche Chief Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker, a white girl taken captive during the 1836 raid on Parker's Fort, Texas. Cynthia Ann Parker was recaptured, along with her daughter, during an 1860 raid on the Pease River in northwest Texas. She had spent 24 years among the Comanche, however, and thus never readjusted to living with the whites again.
She died in Anderson County, Texas, in 1864 shortly after the death of her daughter, Prairie Flower. Ironically, Cynthia Ann's son would adjust remarkably well to living among the white men. But first he would lead a bloody war against them.
Quanah and the Quahada Comanche, of whom his father, Peta Nocona had been chief, refused to accept the provisions of the 1867 Treaty of Medicine Lodge, which confined the southern Plains Indians to a reservation, promising to clothe the Indians and turn them into farmers in imitation of the white settlers.
Knowing of past lies and deceptive treaties of the "White man", Quanah decided to remain on the warpath, raiding in Texas and Mexico and out maneuvering Army Colonel Ronald S. Mackenzie and others. He was almost killed during the attack on buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls in the Texas Panhandle in 1874. The U.S. Army was relentless in its Red River campaign of 1874-75. Quanah's allies, the Quahada were weary and starving.
Mackenzie sent Jacob J. Sturm, a physician and post interpreter, to solicit the Quahada's surrender. Sturm found Quanah, whom he called "a young man of much influence with his people," and pleaded his case. Quanah rode to a mesa, where he saw a wolf come toward him, howl and trot away to the northeast. Overhead, an eagle "glided lazily and then whipped his wings in the direction of Fort Sill," in the words of Jacob Sturm. This was a sign, Quanah thought, and on June 2, 1875, he and his band surrendered at Fort Sill in present-day Oklahoma.
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