Ivy's Wellness center

Prevention

To reduce your risk of developing kidney disease:

Follow instructions on over-the-counter medications. When using nonprescription pain relievers, such as aspirin, ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and acetaminophen (Tylenol, others), follow the instructions on the package. Taking too many pain relievers for a long time could lead to kidney damage.Maintain a healthy weight. If you're at a healthy weight, maintain it by being physically active most days of the week. If you need to lose weight, talk with your doctor about strategies for healthy weight loss.Don't smoke. Cigarette smoking can damage your kidneys and make existing kidney damage worse. If you're a smoker, talk to your doctor about strategies for quitting. Support groups, counseling and medications can all help you to stop.Manage your medical conditions with your doctor's help. If you have diseases or conditions that increase your risk of kidney disease, work with your doctor to control them. Ask your doctor about tests to look for signs of kidney damage.

Complications

Chronic kidney disease can affect almost every part of your body. Potential complications include:

Fluid retention, which could lead to swelling in your arms and legs, high blood pressure, or fluid in your lungs (pulmonary edema)A sudden rise in potassium levels in your blood (hyperkalemia), which could impair your heart's function and can be life-threateningAnemiaHeart diseaseWeak bones and an increased risk of bone fracturesDecreased s*x drive, erectile dysfunction or reduced fertilityDamage to your central nervous system, which can cause difficulty concentrating, personality changes or seizuresDecreased immune response, which makes you more vulnerable to infectionPericarditis, an inflammation of the saclike membrane that envelops your heart (pericardium)Pregnancy complications that carry risks for the mother and the developing fetusIrreversible damage to your kidneys (end-stage kidney disease), eventually requiring either dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival

Risk factors

Factors that can increase your risk of chronic kidney disease include:

DiabetesHigh blood pressureHeart (cardiovascular) diseaseSmokingObesityBeing Black, Native American or Asian AmericanFamily history of kidney diseaseAbnormal kidney structureOlder ageFrequent use of medications that can damage the kidneys

CAUSES
Chronic kidney disease occurs when a disease or condition impairs kidney function, causing kidney damage to worsen over several months or years.

Diseases and conditions that cause chronic kidney disease include:

Type 1 or type 2 diabetesHigh blood pressureGlomerulonephritis (gloe-mer-u-low-nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's filtering units (glomeruli)Interstitial nephritis (in-tur-STISH-ul nuh-FRY-tis), an inflammation of the kidney's tubules and surrounding structuresPolycystic kidney disease or other inherited kidney diseasesProlonged obstruction of the urinary tract, from conditions such as enlarged prostate, kidney stones and some cancersVesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-tur-ul) reflux, a condition that causes urine to back up into your kidneysRecurrent kidney infection, also called pyelonephritis (pie-uh-low-nuh-FRY-tis)

Symptoms

Signs and symptoms of chronic kidney disease develop over time if kidney damage progresses slowly. Loss of kidney function can cause a buildup of fluid or body waste or electrolyte problems. Depending on how severe it is, loss of kidney function can cause:

NauseaVomitingLoss of appetiteFatigue and weaknessSleep problemsUrinating more or lessDecreased mental sharpnessMuscle crampsSwelling of feet and anklesDry, itchy skinHigh blood pressure (hypertension) that's difficult to controlShortness of breath, if fluid builds up in the lungsChest pain, if fluid builds up around the lining of the heart

Signs and symptoms of kidney disease are often nonspecific. This means they can also be caused by other illnesses. Because your kidneys are able to make up for lost function, you might not develop signs and symptoms until irreversible damage has occurred.
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Complications

Complications of heart disease include:

Heart failure. This is one of the most common complications of heart disease. Heart failure occurs when the heart can't pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.Heart attack. A heart attack may occur if a blood clot is stuck in a blood vessel that goes to the heart.Stroke. The risk factors that lead to heart disease can also lead to an ischemic stroke. This type of stroke happens when the arteries to the brain are narrowed or blocked. Too little blood reaches the brain. A stroke is a medical emergency — brain tissue begins to die within just a few minutes of a stroke.Aneurysm. An aneurysm is a bulge in the wall of an artery. If an aneurysm bursts, you may have life-threatening internal bleeding.Peripheral artery disease. In this condition, the arms or legs — usually the legs — don't get enough blood. This causes symptoms, most notably leg pain when walking (claudication). Atherosclerosis can lead to peripheral artery disease.Sudden cardiac arrest. Sudden cardiac arrest is the sudden loss of heart function, breathing and consciousness. It's usually due to a problem with the heart's electrical system. Sudden cardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If not treated immediately, it results in sudden cardiac death.

Risk factors

Risk factors for heart disease include:

Age. Growing older increases the risk of damaged and narrowed arteries and a weakened or thickened heart muscle.Sex. Men are generally at greater risk of heart disease. The risk for women increases after menopause.Family history. A family history of heart disease increases the risk of coronary artery disease, especially if a parent developed it at an early age (before age 55 for a male relative, such as your brother or father, and 65 for a female relative, such as your mother or sister).Smoking. If you smoke, quit. Substances in to***co smoke damage the arteries. Heart attacks are more common in smokers than in nonsmokers. If you need help quitting, talk to your health care provider about strategies that can help.Unhealthy diet. Diets high in fat, salt, sugar and cholesterol have been linked to heart disease.High blood pressure. Uncontrolled high blood pressure can cause the arteries to become hard and thick. These changes interrupt blood flow to the heart and body.High cholesterol. Having high cholesterol increases the risk of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis has been linked to heart attacks and strokes.Diabetes. Diabetes increases the risk of heart disease. Obesity and high blood pressure increase the risk of diabetes and heart disease.Obesity. Excess weight typically worsens other heart disease risk factors.Lack of exercises. Being inactive (sedentary lifestyle) is associated with many forms of heart disease and some of its risk factors, too.Stress. Unrelieved stress may damage the arteries and worsen other risk factors for heart disease.Poor dental health. It's important to brush and floss your teeth and gums often. Also get regular dental checkups. Unhealthy teeth and gums makes it easier for germs to enter the bloodstream and travel to the heart. This can cause endocarditis.

CAUSE
To understand the causes of heart disease, it may help to understand how the heart works.

The heart is divided into chambers — two upper chambers (atria) and two lower chambers (ventricles).The right side of the heart moves blood to the lungs through blood vessels (pulmonary arteries).In the lungs, blood picks up oxygen and then returns to the left side of the heart through the pulmonary veins.The left side of the heart then pumps the blood through the aorta and out to the rest of the body.

Heart valves

Four heart valves — the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid — keep the blood moving the right way. The valves open only one way and only when they need to. Valves must open all the way and close tightly so there's no leakage.

Heartbeats

A beating heart squeezes (contracts) and relaxes in a continuous cycle.

During contraction (systole), the lower heart chambers (ventricles) squeeze tight. This action forces blood to the lungs and the rest of the body.During relaxation (diastole), the ventricles fill with blood from the upper heart chambers (atria).

Electrical system

The heart's electrical system keeps it beating. The heartbeat controls the continuous exchange of oxygen-rich blood with oxygen-poor blood. This exchange keeps you alive.

Electrical signals start in the upper right chamber (right atrium).The signals travel through specialized pathways to the lower heart chambers (ventricles). This tells the heart to pump.

Heart disease symptoms caused by heart valve problems (valvular heart disease)

The heart has four valves — the aortic, mitral, pulmonary and tricuspid valves. They open and close to move blood through the heart. Many things can damage the heart valves. A heart valve may become narrowed (stenosis), leaky (regurgitation or insufficiency) or close improperly (prolapse).

Valvular heart disease is also called heart valve disease. Depending on which valve isn't working properly, heart valve disease symptoms generally include:

Chest painFainting (syncope)FatigueIrregular heartbeatShortness of breathSwollen feet or ankles

Endocarditis is an infection that affects the heart valves and inner lining of the heart chambers and heart valves (endocardium). Endocarditis symptoms can include:

Dry or persistent coughFeverHeartbeat changesShortness of breathSkin rashes or unusual spotsSwelling of the legs or belly areaWeakness or fatigue.
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Heart disease symptoms caused by irregular heartbeats (heart arrhythmias)

The heart may beat too quickly, too slowly or irregularly. Heart arrhythmia symptoms can include:

Chest pain or discomfortDizzinessFainting (syncope) or near faintingFluttering in the chestLightheadednessRacing heartbeat (tachycardia)Shortness of breathSlow heartbeat (bradycardia)

Heart disease symptoms caused by conge***al heart defects

Serious conge***al heart defects usually are noticed soon after birth. Conge***al heart defect symptoms in children could include:

Pale gray or blue skin or lips (cyanosis)Swelling in the legs, belly area or areas around the eyesIn an infant, shortness of breath during feedings, leading to poor weight gain

Less-serious conge***al heart defects are often not diagnosed until later in childhood or during adulthood. Symptoms of conge***al heart defects that usually aren't immediately life-threatening include:

Easily getting short of breath during exercise or activityEasily tiring during exercise or activitySwelling of the hands, ankles or feet.
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Symptoms

Heart disease symptoms depend on the type of heart disease.

Symptoms of heart disease in the blood vessels

Coronary artery disease is a common heart condition that affects the major blood vessels that supply the heart muscle. Cholesterol deposits (plaques) in the heart arteries are usually the cause of coronary artery disease. The buildup of these plaques is called atherosclerosis (ath-ur-o-skluh-ROE-sis). Atherosclerosis reduces blood flow to the heart and other parts of the body. It can lead to a heart attack, chest pain (angina) or stroke.

Coronary artery disease symptoms may be different for men and women. For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain. Women are more likely to have other symptoms along with chest discomfort, such as shortness of breath, nausea and extreme fatigue.

Symptoms of coronary artery disease can include:

Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort (angina)Shortness of breathPain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper belly area or backPain, numbness, weakness or coldness in the legs or arms if the blood vessels in those body areas are narrowed

You might not be diagnosed with coronary artery disease until you have a heart attack, angina, stroke or heart failure. It's important to watch for heart symptoms and discuss concerns with your health care provider. Heart (cardiovascular) disease can sometimes be found early with regular health checkups.

What is coronary artery disease? A Mayo Clinic cardiologist explains.

Stephen Kopecky, M.D., talks about the risk factors, symptoms and treatment of coronary artery disease (CAD). Learn how lifestyle changes can lower your risk.

What Is Endometriosis?

Endometriosis happens when tissue that is similar to the tissue that lines your uterus grows outside of the uterus.
This tissue acts as regular uterine tissue does during your period: It will break apart and bleed at the end of the cycle. But this blood has nowhere to go. Surrounding areas may become inflamed or swollen. You might have scar tissue and lesions.
Endometriosis is most common in your ovaries.

Endometriosis Symptoms

You might not notice any symptoms. When you have them, they can include:

Back pain during your period

Severe menstrual cramps

Pain when pooping or peeing, especially during your period

Unusual or heavy bleeding during periods

Blood in your stool or urine

Diarrhea or constipation

Painful s*x

Fatigue that won’t go away

Trouble getting pregnant

Endometriosis Causes

Doctors don’t know exactly what causes endometriosis. Some experts think menstrual blood that contains endometrial cells may pass back through your fallopian tubes and into your pelvic cavity, where the cells stick to your organs. This is called retrograde menstruation.
Your genes could also play a role. If your mom or sister has endometriosis, you’re more likely to get it. Research shows that it tends to get worse from one generation to the next.

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