DR RAED MD

®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ...

🆘 - What Is Ataxia

Ataxia refers to a lack of muscle coordination that causes awkward, clumsy movements that affect how you walk, use your arms and hands speak, or move your eyes. Ataxia may be a symptom of another underlying condition, or it may be its own disorder.

Causes of Ataxia
Ataxia is caused by damage to the cerebellum - the region of the brain that controls balance and fine-tunes movement. Conditions that affect both the cerebellum and spinal cord are called spinocerebellar ataxias.

Many medical conditions can cause this damage including:

1️⃣ Autoimmune conditions, such as lupus or

2️⃣ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

3️⃣ Brain tumors

4️⃣ Cerebral palsy

5️⃣ Congenital conditions present at birth such as Chiari malformation

6️⃣ Degenerative brain conditions, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA)

7️⃣ Head injuries that cause concussions or brain damage

8️⃣ Hypothyroidism - an underactive thyroid gland

9️⃣ Multiple sclerosis

⬇️ Stroke

⬇️ Wilson disease

®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ...

🆘 Ataxia Symptoms
Symptoms of ataxia may include:

1️⃣ Balance problems

2️⃣ Difficulty speaking

3️⃣ Difficulty swallowing

4️⃣ Involuntary rapid eye movements (nystagmus)

5️⃣ Poor coordination of movements

6️⃣ Problems with fine motor tasks, such as buttoning up a shirt, eating, or writing

7️⃣ Unsteady gait (walking)
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Ataxia Diagnosis
A neurologist—a doctor specialized in diagnosing and treating conditions of the brain spinal cord- and nervous system —diagnoses ataxia. If you have an underlying condition that may be causing ataxia, your neurologist will work with your other specialists to confirm a diagnosis.

Your neurologist will talk to you about your personal and family medical histories and perform a thorough physical examination.

Because ataxia can affect movement throughout the body, your doctor will check your vision, balance, coordination, reflexes, sensation, and strength. Inner ear problems can affect balance in ways that lead to ataxia, so you may be referred to an ear, nose, and throat ENT
....®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ..

®️®️®️ Dr Raed MD

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بعد استخدام اقوي انواع المسكنات - ذهاب إلى مئات الأطباء - استخدم كل انواع الرياضات - المغاطس - الابر الصينيه - الاعشاب - وقف حائرا أمام الشقيقه العنقودية بعد عناء 19 سنه من صداع يومي يشبه الزلزال - واستفراغ متكرر - وعدم النوم بالليل جيدا طول هذي السنوات أصبحت حياته جحيم ..

استشار 13 طبيب حول العالم من اختصاصي الأعصاب والدماغ ..

وبدون جدوي --
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Brain chemistry specialist & immune diseases and immune dysfunction

Private clinic inter SN
Call 001-587-713-8880
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نأكد للعالم و للخبراء والمختصين والأطباء - وعلماء الأبحاث العلميه --

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وجميع المعارضين وضعاف الخبرات الطبيه الواقفه حائره أمام التصلب اللويحي .. والوهن العظلى .. والتصلب الجانبي الضموري .. ومتلازمة اتكاسيا .. والشلل الرعاش

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بأننا كل يوم تظهر بشي جديد - وكل اسبوع لدينا اكتشاف جديد - وكل شهر نكتشف المزيد

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وعلاج كل هذي الأمراض بات متوفرا لدينا منذ بداية -- 2019
وليس وليد اللحظه

ولدينا المزيد والتطور المبهر ..
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Dr Raed MD
Brain chemistry specialist & immune diseases and immune dysfunction

Private clinic inter SN
Call 001-587-713-8880
🇨🇦 Canada....
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Technology for treating multiple sclerosis

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Dr Raed MD
Brain chemistry specialist & immune diseases and immune dysfunction

Private clinic inter SN
Call 001-587-713-8880
🇨🇦 Canada....
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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ
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🆘 - Central nervous system diseases

⬇️ - Trauma

®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ

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🆘 - Nervous system diseases

⬇️ Alzheimer's disease
⬇️ Bell's palsy. ...
⬇️ Cerebral palsy. ...
⬇️ Epilepsy. ...
⬇️ Motor neurone disease
⬇️ Multiple sclerosis
⬇️ Neurofibromatosis..
⬇️ Parkinson's disease.
⬇️ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
⬇️ Multi-infarct dementia
⬇️ Neuromyelitis optica (NMO)
⬇️ Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
⬇️ Progressive bulbar palsy (PBP)
⬇️ Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS)
⬇️ Progressive muscular atrophy (PMA)
⬇️ Post-polio syndrome (PPS)

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⬇️ Epilepsy
⬇️ Meningitis
⬇️ Stroke
⬇️ Headaches
⬇️ Multiple sclerosis
⬇️ Huntington disease
⬇️ Traumatic brain injury
⬇️ Brain tumors
⬇️ Ataxia
⬇️ Infection
⬇️ Spine disorders
⬇️ Acute spinal cord injury
⬇️ Angelman syndrome
⬇️ Autism
⬇️ Cancer
⬇️ Cerebral palsy
⬇️ Cognitive disorders
⬇️ Degeneration
⬇️ Guillain-Barré syndrome
⬇️ diabetic neuropathy
⬇️ spectrum disorders
⬇️ Wilson disease
⬇️ Tay-Sachs disease
⬇️ Spinal muscle atrophy
⬇️ Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease
⬇️ Huntington’s disease
⬇️ migraine
⬇️ cluster headache
⬇️ Cerebrovascular disease
⬇️ Cerebrovascular disease
⬇️ Congenital SMA with arthrogryposis
⬇️ Kennedy's disease
⬇️ Progressive bulbar palsy
⬇️ Degenerative Nerve Diseases
⬇️ Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
⬇️ Genetic Brain Disorders
⬇️ Lewy body disease
⬇️ Muscular dystrophy
⬇️ Leigh syndrome
⬇️ Hydrocephalus
⬇️ Cerebral atrophy
⬇️ Motor neuron diseases
⬇️ Muscular dystrophy
⬇️ Encephalopathy
⬇️ Antiphospholipid syndrome
⬇️ Batten disease
⬇️ Concussion
⬇️ Meningioma
⬇️ Periventricular leukomalacia....
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🆘 - What is MG

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disease It targets the communication point between the nerve and muscle -- ® called the neuromuscular junction ® In MG antibodies block alter or destroy the neurotransmitter receptors on muscle tissue - ®®

Since the muscles can’t receive the signal to contract, people with myasthenia become weak ® MG causes weakness in voluntary muscles that worsens with activity and improves with rest - ®®

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⬇️ - What causes myasthenia gravis

MG may be triggered by a combination of irregular antibodies or problems with the thymus gland, according to the Muscular ®®

The causes and risk factors can include:

An autoimmune reaction

Autoimmune disorders occur when your immune system mistakenly targets healthy tissue. In MG these antibodies ® which usually target harmful substances in the body, instead damage nerve cells.

The antibodies ® block or attack acetylcholine receptors® which makes muscles unable to response ®®

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Thymus gland irregularities
The thymus gland typically grows until puberty and controls healthy immune functions throughout your life. After puberty, the gland shrinks in size

In manyTrusted Source people with MG, the thymus gland stays large ®®

Developing benign or cancerous thymus gland tumors is also possible, which may interfere with crucial immune cell production. ®®

About 75% of people with MG have thymus gland irregularities (thymic hyperplasia ® and another 15% have tumors ®®

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🆘 - What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis

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The main symptom of MG is weakness in the voluntary skeletal muscles®® which are muscles under your control

Muscles typically fail to contract if they can’t respond to nerve impulses ®® When communication between nerve and muscle is blocked ®® weakness results. The degree of weakness can change daily ®® and symptom severity typically increases over time if left untreated.

Weakness associated with MG usually gets worse with activity and improves with rest ®®

People with MG may experience different symptoms affecting different parts of the body ® such as --

🆘1️⃣ - Eyes - ®

When affecting the eyes MG can cause:

⬇️ drooping eyelids (ptosis)

⬇️ blurry or double vision (diplopia)

⬇️ issues with eye and eyelid movement

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🆘2️⃣ - Throat -®

When MG affects the muscles of the throat you may experience:

⬇️ difficulty speaking (dysarthria)

⬇️ issues with swallowing

⬇️ difficulty swallowing or chewing

⬇️ hoarse voice

⬇️ neck weakness ® which can make it difficult to hold up your head

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🆘3️⃣ - Chest -®

When MG affects the muscles of the chest area ® you may experience

⬇️shortness of breath

⬇️ difficulty breathing

⬇️ weakness in the diaphragm and chest muscles
This can lead to myasthenic crisis and respiratory failure.

⬇️ A myasthenic crisis is life threatening and requires emergency medical treatment.

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🆘4️⃣ - Arms and legs ®

MG can also affect muscles in your arms and legs which may cause

⬇️ fatigue

⬇️ weakness in your fingers hands and arms

⬇️ overall weakness in your legs

⬇️ problems walking up stairs or lifting objects

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🆘 - The peripheral nervous system

The peripheral nervous system is the network of nerves that lie outside the central nervous system -- the brain and spinal cord

It includes different types of nerves with their own specific functions including

sensory nerves – responsible for transmitting sensations, such as pain and touch
motor nerves – responsible for controlling muscles
autonomic nerves – responsible for regulating automatic functions of the body, such as blood pressure and bladder function

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🆘 - Symptoms of peripheral neuropathy
The main symptoms of peripheral neuropathy can include --

1️⃣ numbness and tingling in the feet or hands

2️⃣ burning, stabbing or shooting pain in affected areas

3️⃣ loss of balance and co-ordination

4️⃣ muscle weakness especially in the feet

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It's also recommended that people at highest risk of peripheral neuropathy - such as people with diabetes have regular check - up

You may be referred to hospital to see a neurologist a specialist in health problems affecting the nervous system.

Generally - the sooner peripheral neuropathy is diagnosed - the better the chance of limiting the damage and preventing further complications

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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ

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Causes of peripheral neuropathy
diabetes -- both type 1 and type 2 -- is the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy.

Over time the high blood sugar levels associated with diabetes can damage the nerves

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This type of nerve damage is known as diabetic polyneuropathy

Peripheral neuropathy can also have a wide range of other causes.

For example it can be caused by

1️⃣ physical injury to the nerves

2️⃣ a viral infection such as shingles

3️⃣ a side effect of certain medicines or drinking too much alcohol

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🆘 - Different types of peripheral neuropathy
Peripheral neuropathy affect

1️⃣ only 1 nerve mononeuropathy

2️⃣ several nerves mononeuritis multiplex

3️⃣ all the nerves in the body (polyneuropathy)
Polyneuropathy is the most common type and starts by affecting the longest nerves first, so symptoms typically begin in the feet

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Over time it gradually starts to affect shorter nerves, so feels as if it's spreading upwards, and later affects the hands.

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The peripheral nerves are like cables that connect different parts of a computer or connect to the Internet. When they malfunction, complex functions can grind to a halt

1️⃣ Nerve signaling in neuropathy is disrupted in three ways:

2️⃣ Loss of signals normally sent
Inappropriate signaling when there shouldn't be any

3️⃣ Errors that distort the messages being sent

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The substantia nigra is a midbrain dopaminergic nucleus which has a critical role in modulating motor movement and reward functions as part of the basal ganglia circuitry. It is one of the brainstem nuclei and part of the extrapyramidal system.

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Although it is often referred to as one structure, there are actually two substantia nigrae, one on each side of the brainstem. They
are situated in the anterior midbrain and mark the transition point of the tegmentum and cerebral peduncles

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🆘 -Function

Located within the midbrain posterior to the crus cerebri fibers of the cerebral peduncle, the substantia nigra can be functionally and morphologically divided into two regions,

1️⃣ Pars compacta (SNpc): Most of the dopamine neurones of the brain are found in either the substantia nigra or the ventral tegmental area, which is located adjacent to the substantia nigra. The dopamine neurones in the SNpc express high levels of a pigment called neuromelanin, which accounts for their dark colour

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2️⃣ Pars reticulata (SNpr) populated largely by GABA neurones[1].
The SN It is an important relay station in the motor system. Projections from the substantia nigra leave the the forebrain forming synapses on multiple neuronal populations throughout the basal ganglia including the

⬇️Caudate nucleus
⬇️Anterior cerebral cortex
⬇️Putamen
⬇️Precentral cortex

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The most prominent function of the pars compacta is motor control

though the substantia nigra's role in motor control is indirect; electrical stimulation of the substantia nigra does not result in movement due to mediation of the striatum in the nigral influence of movement. The pars compacta sends excitatory input to the striatum via D1 pathway that excites and activates the striatum, resulting in the release of GA onto the globus pallidus to inhibit its inhibitory effects on the thalamic nucleus.

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This causes the thalamocortical pathways to become excited and transmits motor neuron signals to the cerebral cortex to allow the initiation of movement -- which is absent in Parkinson's disease. However lack of pars compacta neurons has a large influence on movement, as evidenced by the symptoms of Parkinson's. The motor role of the pars compacta may involve fine motor control, as has been confirmed in animal models with lesions in that region

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The pars compacta is heavily involved in learned responses to stimuli. In primates, dopaminergic neuron activity increases in the nigrostriatal pathway when a new stimulus is presented

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Dopaminergic activity decreases with repeated stimulus presentation.

behaviorally significant stimulus presentation continues to activate dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Dopaminergic projections from the ventral tegmental area bottom part of the midbrain or mesencephalon to the prefrontal cortex

(mesocortical pathway) and to the nucleus accumbens mesolimbic pathway – meso
referring to from the mesencephalon

specifically the ventral tegmental area are implicated in reward pleasure, and addictive behavior The pars compacta is also important in spatial learning the observations about one's environment and location in space. Lesions in the pars compacta lead to learning deficits in repeating identical movements

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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ

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🆘 - What is the function of enkephalins in GI
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The major physiological effect of enkephalins is antinociception and inhibition of pain signaling in the CNS and the periphery, including the GI tract

Enkephalins were also found to be synthesized in leukocytes and may thus participate in inflammatory response

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🆘 - What type of hormone is enkephalin
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Enkephalin is a pentapeptide hormone that aids in the body's nociception regulation. Enkephalins are called endogenous ligands because they are formed internally and bind to the body's opioid receptors

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🆘- What is the purpose of endorphins and enkephalins
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Endogenous opioids (enkephalins, endorphins and dynorphins) are small peptides that play a main role in pain perception and analgesia, as well as in alcohol (ethanol) reinforcement and reward.

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🆘 - Are enkephalins excitatory or inhibitory

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Enkephalin excites
hippocampal pyramidal cells indirectly by blocking both spontaneous and evoked inhibitory potentials. In addition, both feedforward and feedback inhibitory pathways are depressed by enkephalin

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🆘 - What is the mechanism of met-enkephalin

Met-enkephalin is a potent agonist of the δ-opioid receptor, and to a lesser extent the μ-opioid receptor, with little to no effect on the κ-opioid receptor. It is through these receptors that met-enkephalin produces its opioid effects, such as analgesia and antidepressant-like effects.

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🆘 - What is the difference between enkephalin and beta endorphin

Enkephalins and β-endorphin are the endogenous ligands at MOP and DOP receptors. β-endorphin binds MOP and DOP receptors with approximately equal affinity, while enkephalin has a more than 10-fold higher affinity for the DOP receptor

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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ
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🆘 - What is the role of enkephalins in the spinal cord
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Enkephalins are endogenous opiates that are assumed to modulate nociceptive information by mediating synaptic transmission in the central nervous system, including the spinal dorsal horn

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🆘 - What is the function of endorphins and enkephalins
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Endorphins and enkephalins are physiological regulators of the immune response (two-hit opioid peptide lymphocyte receptor hypothesis) and they are humoral mediators between the central nervous system and the immune system.

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🆘 - Where are enkephalins and endorphins found

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the brain
Enkephalins and endorphins are naturally occurring polypeptides recently found in various parts of the brain

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🆘 - What class is enkephalin

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Enkephalins met-leu-enkephalin and enkephalin and dynorphins are two classes of opioid peptides found in the spinal dorsal horn

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🆘 - What are the two types of enkephalins
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As a consequence, the enkephalins either classify as met-encephalins and leu-encephalins respectively:
The met-enkephalins present the amino acid sequence

1️⃣ Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met.
The leu-enkephalins

2️⃣ Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu

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🆘 - What are other names for enkephalin

Met-enkephalin, also known as metenkefalin (INN), sometimes referred to as opioid growth factor (OGF), is a naturally occurring, endogenous opioid peptide that has opioid effects of a relatively short duration. It is one of the two forms of enkephalin, the other being leu-enkephalin

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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ.

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🆘 - What is Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone

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CRH is a neuropeptide hormone that regulates neuroendocrine, sympathetic, and behavioral functions in response to stress

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CRH acts via 2 distinct G protein-coupled receptors, namely, CRHR1 and CRHR2. CRH1 expression is prevalent in brain areas responsible for sensory and motor control, such as the cortical mantle, olfactory bulb, hippocampus, amygdala, basal ganglia, medial and lateral hypothalamic nuclei, and cerebellum.

In contrast, CRHR2 is predominant in subcortical regions, including the lateral septum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, ventromedial

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hypothalamic nucleus, and medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala. In the anterior pituitary, CRHR1 mediates the release of ACTH in response to CRH

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CRH belongs to a neuropeptide family that includes urocortins I, II, and III. These urocortins selectively bind both CRH receptors and, together with CRH, play crucial roles in controlling stress response, anxiety and depression, arousal, feeding behavior, energy metabolism, and digestive and cardiovascular function

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How does CRH regulate the neuroendocrine

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In response to stress, the hypothalamus releases CRH and triggers the release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary into the circulation. Subsequently, ACTH binds to its receptor on the adrenal cortex and triggers the release of stress hormones such as cortisol. This entire system is known as the hypothalamic

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🆘 - How is corticotrophin-releasing hormone controlled

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone secretion is stimulated by nervous activity within the brain. It follows a natural 24 hour rhythm in non-stressed circumstances, where it is highest at around 8 a.m. and lowest overnight. However, corticotrophin-releasing hormone can also be increased above the normal daily levels by a stressful experience, infection or even exercise. An increase in corticotrophin-releasing hormone leads to higher levels of the stress

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Because of this, cortisol blocks the continued release of corticotrophin-releasing hormone and switches off the hypothalamus

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🆘 - What happens if I have too much corticotrophin-releasing hormone

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Abnormally high corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels are connected with a variety of diseases. Because it stimulates anxiety and suppresses appetite, too much corticotrophin-releasing hormone is suspected of causing nervous problems such as clinical depression, anxiety, sleep disturbances and anorexia nervosa.

In addition, high levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone may also make certain inflammatory problems worse, including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Initially this might seem unexpected because raised levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone in the brain

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However, research has revealed that when high levels of corticotrophin-releasing hormone occur in tissues outside the brain, they can actually have a powerful inflammatory action. Increased --

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🆘 -- What happens if I have too little corticotrophin-releasing hormone
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Research has shown that people with Alzheimer’s disease have particularly low corticotrophin-releasing hormone levels. Some scientists also suspect that a lack of corticotrophin-releasing hormone might cause chronic fatigue syndrome
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®️ - ɖʀ ʀǟɛɖ ʍɖ ʄǟƈɛɮօօӄ

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🆘 - Epinephrine

Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is both a hormone and a medication. A person’s adrenal glands produce epinephrine, which helps to regulate organ functions. It is typically released when the body is under stress. It is part of the fight or flight response.
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Let’s say something startles you and you feel your pulse racing and the color drains from your skin. That’s all from the release of epinephrine

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What does epinephrine do.
Epinephrine has different effects on different parts of the body

🆘 - Heart — it causes the heart to pump faster and harder. This raises your blood pressure and circulates blood more quickly throughout the body

🆘 - Lungs and airways your breathing becomes deeper and faster. It dilates the airways and may reduce swelling

🆘 - Eyes — it causes the pupils in your eyes to dilate

🆘 - Skin — it becomes pale, as blood is diverted to your major organs and muscles

🆘 - Muscles — they have increased blood flow

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Structure of epinephrine
Epinephrine is derived from tyrosine -- . Epinephrine is sometimes referred to as a catecholamine as it contains the catechol moiety. This is a part of the molecule that contains the group C6H4(OH)2.

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Dopamine and norepinephrine are also referred to as catecholamines. They too are synthesized from tyrosine and contain the catechol moiety

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Epinephrine also known as adrenaline. It is a hormone that is secreted by the adrenal glands.

Adrenalin, without the e, was originally used as a trademark for a product made by an American pharmaceutical firm Parke, Davis & Co. The usage of the word, with and without the e, however, was not very consistent, thus many seem to use the terms interchangeably

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🆘 - What role does epinephrine play in the body.

Epinephrine is involved in the fight or flight response in humans.

The fight or flight response occurs when a person is subject to a threat. This causes a signalling process to occur, which causes the body to react to the potential danger

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Specifically, once a threat is perceived, a signal is sent to the brain. The brain then sends nerve impulses to the adrenal gland in the kidneys.

When the nerve signal reaches the adrenal gland, chromaffin cells, in the medulla of the adrenal gland, release epinephrine.

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Epinephrine then enters the bloodstream. It is thus carried around the body to cells in various locations, where it initiates several responses.

Despite initiating several different responses, epinephrine’s effects have a collective purpose – to provide energy so that the major muscles of the body can respond to the perceived threat

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🆘 - Epinephrine and liver cells

Epinephrine, along with another hormone called glucagon, is responsible for the breakdown of glycogen in liver cells. Glycogen is a form of energy storage in animals.
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🆘 - Epinephrine and the skin

The effect of epinephrine on the skin is mainly caused by it binding to alpha-adrenergic receptors, the alpha-2-adrenergic receptor in particular
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🆘 - Epinephrine and the lungs

The lungs contain smooth muscle. Epinephrine causes smooth muscles to relax

Specifically, epinephrine binds to beta-2-adrenergic receptors on bronchiole muscle cells. This allows the bronchioles to relax, which enables intensified respiration.

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🆘 - Epinephrine and the heart

Epinephrine binds to beta-adrenergic receptors on heart muscle cells. This causes the contraction rate of the heart to increase. This ultimately leads to increased blood supply to the tissues in the body

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🆘 - What is glutamate

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Glutamate is a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters are “chemical messengers.” Their job is to send messages between nerve cells (neurons) in your brain.

In your brain, glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter. An excitatory neurotransmitter excites or stimulates a nerve cell, making it more likely that the chemical message will continue to move from nerve cell to nerve cell and not be stopped. Glutamate is essential for proper brain function.
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Glutamate is recycled and made by glial cells in your brain. Glial cells convert “used” glutamate to glutamine, which is converted back again into glutamate when delivered back to the terminal area of nerve cells.
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Glutamate is also needed for making another neurotransmitter in your brain called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABA is known as the “calming” neurotransmitter. It’s involved in sleep, relaxation, anxiety regulation and muscle function.
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Glutamate is also an amino acid. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein. Glutamate is your body’s most abundant amino acid. Glutamate in your body is made and stored in muscle tissue.

Glutamate is perhaps best known as the food additive monosodium glutamate (MSG)

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Glutamate
Glutamate is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter released by nerve cells in your brain. It plays a major role in learning and memory. For your brain to function properly, glutamate needs to be present in the right concentration in the right places at the right time. Too much glutamate is associated with such diseases as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and Huntington’s disease.

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🆘 - How does glutamate work
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Neurotransmitters, like glutamate, are made by nerve cells and are stored in thin-walled vesicles called synaptic vesicles located at the axon terminal, which is at the end of each nerve cell. Each vesicle can contain thousands of neurotransmitter molecules.
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As a message or signal travels along a nerve cell, the electrical charge of the signal causes the vesicles of neurotransmitters — in this case, glutamate — to be released into a fluid-filled space that’s between nerve cells. This space is called a synapse. On the other side of the synapse is the next nerve cell. Glutamate must bind to specific
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message-receiving receptors on this next nerve cell. After binding, glutamate then triggers a change or action in this next nerve cell and the communication signal continues on its way from nerve cell to nerve cell.
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Unlike other neurotransmitters, glutamate can bind to four different receptors (like a master key that can fit into and work four different partner locks). This allows glutamate to have a major presence and ability to stimulate and communicate with other nerve cells. Glutamate is involved in more than 90% of all excitatory functions in the human brain.
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In your brain, groups of nerve cells connect to form smaller circuits (to manage smaller tasks like memory retrieval) or larger, more extensive networks (to carry out larger more complex tasks, such as sight, hearing or movement

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🆘 - What is Gonadotropins
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Gonadotropins are any hormones that stimulate the go**ds, or s*x glands, to carry out their reproductive or endocrine functions. In males, these glands are the te**es, and in females the ovaries. Gonadotropins include luteinizing hormone (LH)
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and follicle-stimulating hormone. --- (FSH) produced in the anterior pituitary, as well as the placental hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin --- (hCG). The cells in the anterior pituitary which produce gonadotropins are therefore described as gonadotrophs, and constitute ten percent of the gland. They are typically specific for a single hormone (either LH or FSH), though some do secrete both of them.

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🆘 - Chemical nature.
LH and FSH are large molecules composed of glycosylated proteins. They have an identical alpha subunit, but the beta subunit is different in each. This difference is responsible for the specific binding of each hormone to its own

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🆘 - Chemical nature..

LH and FSH are large molecules composed of glycosylated proteins. They have an identical alpha subunit, but the beta subunit is different in each. This difference is responsible for the specific binding of each hormone to its own receptor

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🆘 - Effects..
FSH and LH are low during childhood. Their levels rise after puberty, with LH showing a more significant increase. They also rise acutely during the mid-part of the menstrual cycle, and again during the postmenopausal period. HCG is produced from the placenta and it is the basis of the pregnancy tests used today.

The physiologic actions of the gonadotropic hormones are on the ovaries and te**es, and are essential for proper gonadal function. In their absence, most important aspects of reproduction fail and the individual is infertile

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