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How Heating Metal Affects Its Properties process of heat treatment https://ift.tt/2CASFDy

How Heating Metal Affects Its Properties

The electrical, magnetic and structural properties of metals can be changed through heat. As the applications of metal are varied, different environments prioritize different qualities. For example, in engineering applications, toughness is desired; in electrical applications, low electrical resistivity is important.

There are a number of ways of heating metal which are commonly used to transform these properties. The temperature to which the metal is heated and the rate of cooling are carefully controlled to achieve the desired outcome.

The effect of heat on metal

These are the most important ways that metals are transformed through heat:

Electrical resistance

Electrical resistance is the measure of how strongly the metal impedes the passage of electrical current. As electrons pass through the metal, they scatter as they collide with the metallic structure. When the metal is heated, the electrons absorb more energy and move faster. This leads to more scattering, thus increasing the amount of resistance. Thermometers actually use the change in electrical resistance in a piece of wire to measure temperature.

Thermal Expansion

Metal expands when heated. Length, surface area and volume will increase with temperature. The scientific term for this is thermal expansion. The degree of thermal expansion varies with different types of metal. Thermal expansion occurs because heat increases the vibrations of the atoms in the metal. Accounting for thermal expansion is essential when designing metallic structures. An everyday example would be the design of household pipes, which must accommodate expansion and contraction as the seasons change.

Structure

Metals are comprised of a symmetrical structure of atoms known as an allotrope. Heating the metal will displace atoms from their position and the displaced atoms form a new structure. This process is known as allotropic phase transformation. Allotropic phase transformation alters the hardness, strength and ductility of the metal. The most important allotropic phase transformation is undergone by iron. When iron is heated past 1,674 degrees Fahrenheit it is able to absorb more carbon, which is an ingredient that will increase the hardness of any steel product. This desired effect is used in several types of High Carbon (above 0.50 carbon) steel – Example: Tool Steel

Magnetism

There are three metals with magnetic properties: iron, nickel and cobalt. They are known as ferromagnetic metals. Heating these metals will reduce their magnetization to the point where magnetism is completely eradicated. The temperature at which this occurs is known as the Curie temperature. For nickel, this temperature is 626 degrees Fahrenheit; for cobalt it is 2,012 degrees Fahrenheit; and for Iron it is 1,418 degrees Fahrenheit.

Heat treatment

Heat treatment is a process designed to alter the properties of the metal to better suit its intended use. The main types of heat treatment are annealing, normalising, hardening and tempering.

Annealing

Annealing is frequently used to soften metals including iron, steel, copper, brass and silver. The process involves heating the metal to a specific temperature then allowing it to cool slowly at a controlled rate. Annealing alters the physical and chemical properties of the metal to increase ductility and reduce hardness. This facilitates shaping, stamping or forming processes, and allows the metal to be cut more easily. Annealing also enhances electrical conductivity.

Normalising

Normalising (commonly referred to as normalized) is applied to alloys to provide uniformity in grain size and composition. The metal is heated to a predefined temperature then cooled by air. The resulting metal is free of undesirable impurities and exhibits greater strength and hardness. Normalising is often used to produce a harder and stronger steel, albeit one that is less ductile than that produced by annealing. Typically, the normalising process is performed on materials that will be subjected to machining, because the process has improved this attribute.

Hardening

Hardening is applied to steel and other alloys to improve their mechanical properties. During hardening, the metal is heated at a high temperature and this temperature is maintained until a proportion of carbon has been dissolved. Next the metal is quenched, which involves rapidly cooling it in oil or water. Hardening will produce an alloy which has high strength and wear resistance. However hardening will also increase brittleness and is not suitable for engineering applications. When there is a need to have the surface of the component hard enough to resist wear and erosion, while maintaining ductility and toughness to withstand impact and shock loading — surface hardening would be used.

Tempering

Tempering is applied to steel where ductility is desired. Untempered steel is very hard but too brittle for most practical applications. Tempering is a low temperature heat treatment process normally performed after hardening (neutral hardening, double hardening, atmospheric carburising, carbonitriding, or induction hardening) in order to reach a desired hardness/toughness ratio. The process involves heating steel to a lower temperature to reduce some of the excess hardness. The metal is then allowed to cool in still air which results in a tougher and less brittle steel.

Metal Supermarkets

How Heating Metal Affects Its Properties

Carbon steel is a versatile material whose properties within limits can be altered to improve hardness and toughness by the addition of carbon and heat treatment.
However carbon steels have a number of limitations which makes them unsuitable for certain applications. These are:
-Poor resistance to oxidation
-Limited tensile, hardness and ductility when untreated
-Drastic quenching causes cracking and distortion
-Poor resistance to acid
-Large sections cannot be hardened
-Steel can soften at high temperatures
Hardening
Hardening is only possible via heat treatment on medium to high carbon steels, the metals are heated to certain temperatures depending on their carbon content (780°C to 850°C) then cooled quickly usually by quenching the metals in water or oil, the reason the metals are heated to these temperatures called their ‘austenitic crystal phase’ is because the crystal structures of the metals can then start to alter, forming bonds to create cementite as the carbon diffuses which is a very hard and brittle material.

% Carbon

Annealing Temperature

0.2%

850°C

0.5%

810°C

1.0%

780°C

AnnealingWhen annealing the metal is heated just above the re-crystallization temperature process and is left to cool slowly, for what is called a full anneal the metal is left to cool in the furnace, this allows the metal to cool off more gradually. Annealing changes the metals properties to become more soft and ductile, this is caused by the grain structure within altering and re-aligning at heat.

Hot Rolled Grain

Annealed Grain

Normalising
Normalising removes stresses within the grain structure of the metal thus making the metal more stable and ready for other processes. This is done by heating the metal to a higher temperature than that of the annealing process then leaving it to air cool.How Heating Metal Affects Its properties let's see effect on Tempering
Tempering
This gives the metal more malleability but taking away a small amount of hardness in the process. Tempering is done by heating the metal to a pre determined temperature which will depend on the level of malleability required. The size and the arrangement of the metals grain structure will affect the metals properties such as; hardness, ductility, malleability ect.
How Heating Metal Affects Its Properties

Iron/Carbon Phase Graph

This graph shows the basic relationship of carbon content in steel when hardening with heat treatment, as the graph shows high carbon steels can become very hard at the cost of ductility.

Ferrite Phase
-High ductility
-Poor tensile strength
-Low hardness
Pearlite Phase
-High tensile strength
-Increasing hardness
-Less ductility
Cementite Phase
-Brittle
-Low ductility
-Lower tensile strength

Low Carbon

Mild Steel

Medium Carbon

High Carbon

Applications:
-Car body panels
-Filing cabinets
Properties:
-Malleable
-Very ductile
-Soft

Applications:
-Automotive parts
-Brackets
Properties:
-Low hardness
-Medium tensile strength
-Good ductility

Applications:
-Hammers
-Chisels
Properties:
-Medium hardness
-Good tensile strength
-Medium ductility

Applications:
-High speed tooling
Properties:
-Hard
-Brittle
-Low ductility

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