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Many Uses of Demonstratives

အညႊန္းျပစကားလံုးေတြျဖစ္တဲ့ this, that, these နဲ႔ those တို႔ရဲ႕အသံုးအႏႈံန္းေတြကို ေလ့လာၾကည့္ရေအာင္ပါ။

ပံုထဲကဇယားထဲမွာ ေဖာ္ျပထားသလိုပဲ this ကေတာ့ အနီးအနားက အနည္းကိန္းတစ္ခုကို ေဖာ္ျပတာျဖစ္ၿပီး that ကေတာ့ အေဝးက အနည္းကိန္းတစ္ခုကို ေဖာ္ျပတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
This dog ဒီ ေခြး၊ That dog ဟိုေခြး။

These ကေတာ့ အနီးက အမ်ားကိန္းတစ္ခုကို ေဖာ္ျပတာျဖစ္ၿပီး those ကေတာ့ အေဝးက အမ်ားကိန္းကို ေဖာ္ျပတာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
These things ဒီဟာေတြ၊ Those things ဟိုဟာေတြ။

ဆယ္တန္းကသင္ခဲ့တဲ့ အညႊန္းနာမဝိေသသနနဲ႔ အညႊန္းနာမ္စား ကိုမွတ္မိပါလား။
ဒီခံုကို သယ္ပါ။ ( အညႊန္းနာမဝိေသသန )
ဒါကို သယ္ပါ။ ( အညႊန္းနာမ္စား )

Demonstratives this, these, that and those are both demonstrative adjectives and demonstrative pronouns too.

When this, these, that and those are demonstrative adjectives, they are followed by nouns.
This, these, that နဲ႔ those တို႔က နာမိေသသနရဲ႕ ထံုးစံအတိုင္း အေနာက္မွာ နာမ္ပါရင္ အညႊန္းနာမဝိေသသနေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Eg. This table is heavy.
Those sums are difficult.

When this, these, that and those are demonstrative pronouns, they are not followed by nouns.
This, these, that နဲ႔ those တို႔က အေနာက္မွာ နာမ္မပါရင္ အညႊန္းနာမ္စားေတြျဖစ္ပါတယ္။
Eg. These are not problems.
That would be right.

ေနာက္တစ္ခ်က္ကေတာ့ This, these, that နဲ႔ those တို႔ကို အတိအက်ရည္ညႊန္းေဖာ္ျပမွသာ သံုးတာျဖစ္ၿပီး ေယဘုယ်အားျဖင့္ ျခံဳငံုၿပီးေဖာ္ျပတာဆိုရင္ေတာ့ မသံုးရပါဘူး။
Those kittens are playful. (Only referring to a group of kittens) (Specific)
Kittens are playful. (Referring to all kittens) (General)

We use this and that with singular and uncountable nouns. This နဲ႔ that ကို အနည္းကိန္းနဲ႔၎၊ ေရတြက္လို႔မရတဲ့ နာမ္ေတြနဲ႔၎ သံုးတယ္။
I had an awesome breakfast this morning. (singular)
That music is loud. (uncountable)

Notice that in time, we use this with time and dates. This ကို အခ်ိန္ေတြ၊ ေန႔ရက္ေတြနဲ႔တြဲသံုးရပါတယ္။
Ulla is leaving for Japan this week.
On the other hand, that can be used with time and dates recalling a long time ago in the past or a future that may or may not happen. That ကိုေတာ့ အတိတ္ကၿပီးခဲ့တဲ့အခ်ိန္တစ္ခု (သို႔) ျဖစ္လာလာ၊ မျဖစ္လာလာ အနာဂတ္အခ်ိန္တစ္ခုကို ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာ သံုးပါတယ္။
1995... That was the year I was born!
When I graduate... Yes, I can't wait for that day.

This, that, these and those are PRONOUNS too.
I'd suggest we go skinny dipping. Are you cool with that? (That - The idea of skinny dipping)
Clarice, turn that down! I hate classical!! (That - Music)
Talking about shoes... Those are beautiful. (Those - Shoes)

The demonstratives are used with people and identification too. ေအာက္ပါဥပမာမ်ားထဲမွာလို လူေတြနဲ႔ မည္သူမည္ဝါဆိုတာကို ေဖာ္ျပရာမွာလည္း သံုးပါတယ္။
This is my teacher.
That's his brother over there.
Hi, this is Ray. Is that Tony?

ေနာက္အသံုးအႏႈန္းတစ္ခုကေတာ့ စိတ္ခံစားခ်က္နဲ႔ဆိုင္ပါတယ္။ This ကို ႀကိဳက္ႏွစ္သက္၊ သေဘာက်ရင္ သံုးၿပီး that ကိုေတာ့ မႀကိဳက္မႏွစ္သက္၊ သေဘာမက်ရင္ သံုးပါတယ္။ For emotional distance, we use this and these for what or who we like or feel positive about and that for what or who we don't like or feel negative about.
They'll love this movie.
These dresses look great!
What happened to that friend of yours?
Those things you said are cruel.

Now, for shared knowledge and new information, we use that instead of the for the former part. ေျပာသူ၊ နားေထာင္သူႏွစ္ေယာက္လံုးသိၿပီးသား သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္ေတြအတြက္ the အစား that ကိုသံုးၾကပါတယ္။
You know that scene when Issac and Mia died... it was devastating. (Both the speaker and listener know the scene)
We use this instead of a or an to introduce new or important knowledge or information. သတင္းအခ်က္အလက္အသစ္တစ္ခုကို စေျပာမိတ္ဆက္ေပးရင္ေတာ့ ေအာက္ပါအတိုင္း a သို႔ an အစား this ကိုသံုးၾကပါတယ္။
Then, this little puppy came and saved us.
(Notice if you use that puppy, it becomes shared and not new knowledge anymore)

In formal writing, we use that and those as substitutes for the one and the ones.
စာေတြေရးတဲ့အေျခအေနမွာေတာ့ that နဲ႔ those ကို the one နဲ႔ the ones တို႔ရဲ႕ေနရာမွာ အစားသံုးလို႔ ရပါတယ္။
The accent was that (the one) of an Northern Irish.
The microscope was like those (the ones) used back in 1500's.

ကဲ... This, that, these နဲ႔ those ကို မွန္ကန္စြာ သံုးႏိုင္ၾကပါေစ။